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Familiarize themselves consume susu in the morning, in addition to making the body more fit, you also have the spare energy to beraktivitas throughout the day. Since each 100 gram susu kilokalori contain 70.5, 3.4 grams protein, 3.7 grams fat and 125 milligram of calcium. If viewed from susu Percentage of absorption in the body of 98% -100%, only if reasonable susu sapi been used as the vitamins it. Where are vitamins B2 and A, protein and various amino acids are important for body growth. Let others see the benefits of the susu cattle, in addition to the white blood that help the body's health. Among them: - There is uterus potassium, which is capable menggerakan wall of blood vessel at the time of blood pressure escalate, thus keeping them stable. Meanwhile also able to reduce the danger caused apopleksi. And can prevent high blood diseases and diseases of the heart that often chastise anyone regardless of age. - Each of us absorb food per day, many of the womb that may be dangerous to the body, including such toxic metals, lead and cadmium from other food, well, here the role as a drug for susu menetralisir it all. - Other womb with fat contained in the type of foods that tend to be dangerous because of the increased cholesterol, fat here in the womb susu able to strengthen the resistance function of nerve growth and prevent the occurrence of tumor cells in the body. - Milk is also a womb tyrosine hormone that can stimulate excitement. - Milk can also improve the working efficiency of the brain, uterus with iodine, zinc and leticin within it. - In addition to good health for the body, also consume susu can still make you appear attractive, because it is able to make the skin look shining womb with iron, copper and vitamin A. - Since early in order not to keep the bones brittle quickly, shrink and fracture, should diligently rajinlah-susu consume, because the womb of high calcium found in milk. - Working the heart and nervous to be working quite intense, with the magnesium matrix is in the making susu resistant to fatigue. - For you that are difficult to sleep, consumption of a glass of milk before bed your body is able to make quick terlelap. - Vitamin B2 owned susu sapi power to make your vision sem Link |
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Sunday, March 29, 2009
Benefits Cow Milk
Cooperative Dairy Cow Milk and Trade
_40944402_cows-Bbc203i.jpgUsaha in the field of development cooperation is intended to further increase the role of the economic weakness in economic activity so that the level of welfare is increasing. Development cooperation aims to make life go back to the base of cooperatives and joint-joint cooperative basis. For the wisdom that has been implemented is: conduct of the cooperative organization and business development. Activities conducted shaped education and skills training for its members and members of cooperatives reviewers, and counseling and explanation for the cooperative members and the wider community in the hope that they are interested to become members of the cooperative. Implementation of these activities is executed with a basic program, the Program of Cooperative Education
The purpose of the cooperative is to improve further the role of the weak economy in the business activities that increase their welfare. For that, the policy adopted, is: First, the increase of Cooperative education, especially in the areas of education tatalaksana for energy in the environment of the primary cooperatives. Second, make a primary cooperatives have the opportunity to conduct business activities. Third, to make primary cooperatives, always provide credit funds to implement the required business activities with their respective terms of the light.
Development cooperation is aimed to enhance the role and capabilities of the cooperative, to grow into primary cooperatives and the firm is able to become the strength of rural economy, and society to deliver progress and prosperity. Therefore, development cooperation focused on: (1) improve the ability of cooperatives to berprakarsa and berswakarya, (2) improve the ability of cooperatives as one of the main container to build the capacity of the economy is weak, (3) improve the ability of the cooperative secondary and primary cooperatives so that the other is able to serve the interests of members, (4) increasing role of cooperatives in various sectors of the economy, and (5) improve the ability of cooperatives to conduct cooperation with cooperatives and other business entities are not cooperative in the region or in their respective regions.
In accordance with the matters mentioned above, institutional development cooperation directed to achieve the eight goals. First, improve the organization of cooperatives, with the functioning of equipment to encourage the organization of cooperatives and the establishment of clear division of tasks, so that the cooperative is able to truly reflect the nature demokrasinya and able to support the increased business. Second, develop the organization's internal systems so that the role of cooperative members in determining the policy, participation in and supervision of business activities, is becoming increasingly large and in accordance with the interest. Third, establish and develop the unit of organization in each area working as a cooperative of organic units, so that there is an increase in range and quality of service to cooperative members. Fourth, foster and develop the technical ability, management skills and mental kewirakoperasian managers, employees, and members of the cooperative Pemeriksa, to grow into cooperative groups that berhasilguna and provide optimal service to the business of its members. Fifth, to develop information management system of cooperatives, so that implementation decisions can truly reflect the needs of its members with support and complete information can be relied on. Sixth, conduct and supervision of the equipment so that the cooperative organization can truly carry out its activities in accordance with its function. So that the cooperative movement can also carry out supervision and examination, it will be developed and the developing central dimantapkan Business Administration that can encourage Cooperative Audit Services. Seventh, to improve and expand the counseling and enlightenment in the effort to increase awareness and understanding of the importance of community cooperation in helping improve the welfare and interests meet / need them, using various media and methods appropriate and effective. Eighth, to increase appreciation of the cooperation among the various functional, such as community leaders, scientists, journalists, farmers' groups, professional groups, and so forth with the seminar, the paper competition, rembug village and so forth.
In order to increase the role and capabilities of the cooperative, then held in addition to institutional development, also held business development. As is known, lives on the bottom is a cooperative joint venture in accordance with the interests of economic activities and its members in realizing the shared goal, namely to increase the standard of living and welfare of members of the cooperative. Development of the business conducted with the following ways: First, stabilize and develop the business further primary cooperatives, in the fields of basic services to the community, production and processing and marketing results, savings and loans, and other services, to grow become an independent economic institutions, able to serve the needs of members and the surrounding community. Second, improve business planning primary cooperatives. Third, improve the ability of primary cooperatives to take advantage of the various facilities available for perkreditan growth businesses. Fourth, improve and develop business cooperation Save Borrow to be able to effectively play an active role in filling the needs of cooperative members. Fifth, wickerwork and develop cooperation between the cooperative effort with the support of Primary Cooperative sekundernya. Sixth, stabilizing and developing centers of cooperation so that really can play a role in supporting the development of cooperatives and cooperative secondary primary other. Now is time to restore the farm community and the role of cooperatives as susu fitrahnya.
Dynamics Cooperative Milk
Cooperative dairy cow is a company engaged in the production of fresh milk and then marketed to the dairy industry as raw materials and processed products susu susu other origin. Cooperative susu fresh produce in partnership with the breeder of the people who become members of the cooperative.
As cooperative members, breeders are also shareholders through a compulsory savings and the principal and so forth. Thus the success of cooperatives in the business directly susu fresh success of the breeder is a member of itself. Conversely, if mismanajemen occur in the cooperative development of the breeder akan disadvantage members of the cooperative.
In fact, various research reports show that the dairy cow business people during the last 25 years did not experience growth, even likely static, especially in the size of a business that still stand on the scale 2-3 tails per breeder. On the cooperative also reported that only 20 percent of the total cooperative dairy cow that can be expressed to operate efficiently with the production level is relatively high. Interesting question that arises from two facts above is whether the cooperative as a company in the legal economy to allocate factors of production have been efficiently? Second question is: whether the cooperative has the appropriate management with the concept of mutually beneficial relations between each other? Finishing second question is very important in the effort to increase the rate of growth of production of fresh milk in the country and improve people's incentives to breeders.
Susu domestic demand is relatively large and continue to have new growth and 30 percent can be met while the rest is met through imports. Several more years, Indonesia will enter the free market world, and this means that the cooperative must immediately find a solution to increase production and become masters in their own home. Even after the economic crisis, and declining import susu susu segar absorption in the country increased, IPS will be more like the import susu akan because the price is cheaper. Although at this time, susu world prices soaring more than 100% due to drought in Australia. During January to June 2007, the price of raw materials such as susu full cream milk powder imports increased from 2,900 U.S. dollars per ton to be 4500 U.S. dollars per ton.
Susu needs in the country that can dipasok of new production in the country reached 45% (360,000 tons) of the total needs of 800,000 tons, so the rest is imported from abroad. To meet the demand, the domestic production should be improved, both the quantity and quality. Nationally, most of the agribusiness dairy cow is a farm cooperative by the people, so that most (90%) susu production by the cooperative.
Farming people according to 2000 data, dairy cow population of 354.3 thousand head with the scale of 2-3 chickens per family and low productivity of about 9-10 liters per head per day. This is due, among others, the quality of feed that has not been good and maintenance is not optimal. Scale KUD most (60%) production capacity is still low, ie below 5000 liters per day. Scale of dairy cow per breeder chickens 2-3 result is not optimal with the low productivity result in the breeder stagnant, can not even bring the needs of his life.
Trade Milk Indonesia
Map of international trade in products susu, currently located in Indonesia's position as a net consumer. To this susu national industry is still very dependent on imported raw materials susu. If conditions are not be addressed by building a system based agribusiness farms, then Indonesia will continue to be the importer of cattle country, especially susu sapi.
View from the consumption side, until now the Indonesian people against the consumption of dairy products are still very low when compared with other developing countries. Susu consumption in Indonesia is only 8 liters / capita / year is also included products that contain processed susu. Consumption susu neighboring countries such as Thailand, Malaysia and Singapore reached an average of 30 liters / capita / year, while European countries have reached 100 liters / capita / year. Along with the high income people and increasing the population of Indonesia, can be ascertained that the consumption of products by susu akan increased population in Indonesia.
Estimated increase in consumption is an opportunity that must be used properly. Susu fresh produce and products derivatnya should be improved. Conditions of production of fresh susu Indonesia at this time, most (90%) generated by the business people with the scale 2-3 head per dairy cow breeder. Small-scale livestock business is less clear because the economic benefits obtained from the sale susu only partially sufficient to meet the needs of life. From the production side, as such, ownership of a dairy cow breeders need to be improved. According to the modern dairy cow management, economies of scale can be achieved with a minimum of 10 cows per breeder.
From the institutional side, most of the dairy cow breeders in Indonesia is a member of the cooperative susu. Is a cooperative institution that acts as a mediator between the breeder industry susu. Susu determine cooperative bargaining breeders in determining the amount of sales susu, time sales, and prices received akan breeder. Cooperative role as a mediator needs to be. Ministry needs to be improved in a way to improve the quality of human resources and strengthen the cooperative networking with industry-processing industry. Adapting institutional contract farming will be very help realize this effort.
Related to agribusiness susu, in 1983 the Government has issued a decree Co (SKB) Three Ministers, namely the Ministry of Agriculture, Minister of Industry, and Minister for Trade and Cooperation. SKB in the processing industry is required to absorb susu susu fresh in the country as the assistant of susu import raw materials for industry. The proportion of fresh susu absorption in the country specified in the form of a ratio that is susu susu comparison between the fresh domestic and imported susu should be in the form of "proof of absorption" (BUSEP). BUSEP aims to protect the breeders in the country of import competition on the susu. But with the Presidential Instruction No. 4, 1998 which is part of the LOI is determined by the IMF, the government regulations that restrict imports through susu BUSEP become no longer valid, so commodity susu imported into the free entry. Problems in downstream industries also have, for example, tariffs that are not harmonious BM between susu products (5%) with other raw materials such as sugar (35%) and packaging (5% -20%). To increase the domestic market segment in the market fresh susu Indonesia, BUSEP need to go back and applied tariffs BM susu products need to review.
The lack of fresh milk production in the country is a great opportunity to develop a breeder susu business. However, breeders still face problems, among others, the ability of low culture, especially concerning the health of cattle and the low quality seeds. Lack of these than in slow production growth also susu susu affect the quality produced. Besides the difficulty of land began as a source of grass for livestock hijauan, high transportation costs, and small scale business as has been presented above, is also a resistor susu domestic production growth.
In terms of marketing susu breeder in the country, the Presidential Instruction No. 4 / 1998 resulted in the position of industry susu become far more powerful than the breeder industry susu have the option to meet the raw material needed is fresh susu from domestic or imported. This causes relatively low price of fresh milk received by perternak in the country.
Other problems faced by breeders is the large dependence of the breeder industry in the susu susu fresh dihasilkannya. Absennya keberpihakan with the Government of the cattleman, this trend raises the price of fresh susu breeder who received relatively low. The existence of standards of raw materials by a strict industry processing susu seat breeder dairy cow on the bargaining position (bargaining position) is low. More extreme, the existence of the processing industry susu terbentuknya This can cause the market structure which oligopsoni pressing breeder. In addition to the price of milk which is very cheap in the market structure, the pressure received by the breeder with the increased levy imposed by most of the local government in this era of regional autonomy.
When you view the development of agribusiness persusuan in other countries, the role of cooperatives in developing a very large business. In India, for example, cooperative susu has developed so far have amounted to approximately 57,000 units with 6 million members. Similarly, in Uruguay, where the domestic breeder has been able to produce 90% of the total national production susu. The size of the role of cooperatives has not been seen in Indonesia. Susu cooperative bargaining position we have a very weak when dealing with the dairy processing industry, both in terms of sales susu, time sales, and prices obtained.
Important issues about the process of Cooperative susu is the formation of cooperatives are generally top-down and government intervention in the relatively large set of organizations. The establishment of cooperative members is not on the basis of capital accumulation, but more members of the credit in order to beef cattle partnership with capital assistance from the government. Cooperative's members serve only at the time to sell fresh milk and mandatory dues payments and principal dues. Cooperatives as institutions in economic management to run without the strict supervision by the members, thus the power tends to set the cooperative members.
Policy Direction
Susu market so that the resulting domestic cattle farmers can be improved by the issues on the need by others with both. White revolution must be carried out since this time, namely by increasing the production and consumption of national susu. The policy in the import substitution effort susu that can be taken to achieve the conditions are as follows.
First, the Government needs to provide real support to improve productivity and quality of livestock (susu) to the breeder. Produced Dayasaing susu akan breeder can only be improved if the productivity and quality is improved. To that end, research and development, especially on the technical production and management needs to be improved. National movement followed by the activity should be evident, among other assistance in the form of counseling training and cultivation of a good dairy cow, cattle encourage superior seed availability, ease of use for the land, access and availability of capital, and development of various processing industries susu in the price level so that a breeder relatively more stable.
Second, the vessel should be formed partnerships honest behavior and respect between cattle producers, cooperatives and processing industry susu susu so that farm-based agribusiness development can walk better. All related parties must be mutual need and mutual benefit. This can be realized through contract farming system, where the integration of various elements of good breeders, cooperatives, industry / government and the capitalist.
Third, cooperative susu need to be facilitated and encouraged to do simple processing of fresh milk, among others, namely pasteurisasi and packaging fresh susu, processing into yogurt, cheese, etc.. This program comes with a wide campaign to the people, especially children, about the benefits of consuming milk and fresh products olahannya. Susu establishment of processing factories owned by the cooperative movement also needs to be encouraged. This step is necessary to anticipate the menguat and stabilnya relative value of the exchange rate of rupiah against the U.S. dollar, which may cause the industry to import susu back most of the raw materials from abroad susunya.
Fourth, the central and regional policies, should issue a policy that is able to strengthen the bargaining position, especially dairy cow breeders and farm-based agribusiness development in general. This could be done with out retribution which caused the cost of production increases costs, eliminate the tax if the value-added processing is still done by the breeder, as well as the customs tariff on milk imports to protect domestic production.
Fifth, mengefektifkan performance persusuan national council to be able to embrace all stakeholders including IPS persusuan regulations that set the price and the absorption susu that people stand on the breeder.
Hopefully fifth on the policy direction can be realized by the policy in order to realize the movement of white revolution. White revolution that will ensure the successful occurrence of the increased quality of life of Indonesian society: the availability of a guaranteed supply susu, increased income breeders and other actors in the field of business farm.
Yuari trantono, editing of a variety of sources
Link
The purpose of the cooperative is to improve further the role of the weak economy in the business activities that increase their welfare. For that, the policy adopted, is: First, the increase of Cooperative education, especially in the areas of education tatalaksana for energy in the environment of the primary cooperatives. Second, make a primary cooperatives have the opportunity to conduct business activities. Third, to make primary cooperatives, always provide credit funds to implement the required business activities with their respective terms of the light.
Development cooperation is aimed to enhance the role and capabilities of the cooperative, to grow into primary cooperatives and the firm is able to become the strength of rural economy, and society to deliver progress and prosperity. Therefore, development cooperation focused on: (1) improve the ability of cooperatives to berprakarsa and berswakarya, (2) improve the ability of cooperatives as one of the main container to build the capacity of the economy is weak, (3) improve the ability of the cooperative secondary and primary cooperatives so that the other is able to serve the interests of members, (4) increasing role of cooperatives in various sectors of the economy, and (5) improve the ability of cooperatives to conduct cooperation with cooperatives and other business entities are not cooperative in the region or in their respective regions.
In accordance with the matters mentioned above, institutional development cooperation directed to achieve the eight goals. First, improve the organization of cooperatives, with the functioning of equipment to encourage the organization of cooperatives and the establishment of clear division of tasks, so that the cooperative is able to truly reflect the nature demokrasinya and able to support the increased business. Second, develop the organization's internal systems so that the role of cooperative members in determining the policy, participation in and supervision of business activities, is becoming increasingly large and in accordance with the interest. Third, establish and develop the unit of organization in each area working as a cooperative of organic units, so that there is an increase in range and quality of service to cooperative members. Fourth, foster and develop the technical ability, management skills and mental kewirakoperasian managers, employees, and members of the cooperative Pemeriksa, to grow into cooperative groups that berhasilguna and provide optimal service to the business of its members. Fifth, to develop information management system of cooperatives, so that implementation decisions can truly reflect the needs of its members with support and complete information can be relied on. Sixth, conduct and supervision of the equipment so that the cooperative organization can truly carry out its activities in accordance with its function. So that the cooperative movement can also carry out supervision and examination, it will be developed and the developing central dimantapkan Business Administration that can encourage Cooperative Audit Services. Seventh, to improve and expand the counseling and enlightenment in the effort to increase awareness and understanding of the importance of community cooperation in helping improve the welfare and interests meet / need them, using various media and methods appropriate and effective. Eighth, to increase appreciation of the cooperation among the various functional, such as community leaders, scientists, journalists, farmers' groups, professional groups, and so forth with the seminar, the paper competition, rembug village and so forth.
In order to increase the role and capabilities of the cooperative, then held in addition to institutional development, also held business development. As is known, lives on the bottom is a cooperative joint venture in accordance with the interests of economic activities and its members in realizing the shared goal, namely to increase the standard of living and welfare of members of the cooperative. Development of the business conducted with the following ways: First, stabilize and develop the business further primary cooperatives, in the fields of basic services to the community, production and processing and marketing results, savings and loans, and other services, to grow become an independent economic institutions, able to serve the needs of members and the surrounding community. Second, improve business planning primary cooperatives. Third, improve the ability of primary cooperatives to take advantage of the various facilities available for perkreditan growth businesses. Fourth, improve and develop business cooperation Save Borrow to be able to effectively play an active role in filling the needs of cooperative members. Fifth, wickerwork and develop cooperation between the cooperative effort with the support of Primary Cooperative sekundernya. Sixth, stabilizing and developing centers of cooperation so that really can play a role in supporting the development of cooperatives and cooperative secondary primary other. Now is time to restore the farm community and the role of cooperatives as susu fitrahnya.
Dynamics Cooperative Milk
Cooperative dairy cow is a company engaged in the production of fresh milk and then marketed to the dairy industry as raw materials and processed products susu susu other origin. Cooperative susu fresh produce in partnership with the breeder of the people who become members of the cooperative.
As cooperative members, breeders are also shareholders through a compulsory savings and the principal and so forth. Thus the success of cooperatives in the business directly susu fresh success of the breeder is a member of itself. Conversely, if mismanajemen occur in the cooperative development of the breeder akan disadvantage members of the cooperative.
In fact, various research reports show that the dairy cow business people during the last 25 years did not experience growth, even likely static, especially in the size of a business that still stand on the scale 2-3 tails per breeder. On the cooperative also reported that only 20 percent of the total cooperative dairy cow that can be expressed to operate efficiently with the production level is relatively high. Interesting question that arises from two facts above is whether the cooperative as a company in the legal economy to allocate factors of production have been efficiently? Second question is: whether the cooperative has the appropriate management with the concept of mutually beneficial relations between each other? Finishing second question is very important in the effort to increase the rate of growth of production of fresh milk in the country and improve people's incentives to breeders.
Susu domestic demand is relatively large and continue to have new growth and 30 percent can be met while the rest is met through imports. Several more years, Indonesia will enter the free market world, and this means that the cooperative must immediately find a solution to increase production and become masters in their own home. Even after the economic crisis, and declining import susu susu segar absorption in the country increased, IPS will be more like the import susu akan because the price is cheaper. Although at this time, susu world prices soaring more than 100% due to drought in Australia. During January to June 2007, the price of raw materials such as susu full cream milk powder imports increased from 2,900 U.S. dollars per ton to be 4500 U.S. dollars per ton.
Susu needs in the country that can dipasok of new production in the country reached 45% (360,000 tons) of the total needs of 800,000 tons, so the rest is imported from abroad. To meet the demand, the domestic production should be improved, both the quantity and quality. Nationally, most of the agribusiness dairy cow is a farm cooperative by the people, so that most (90%) susu production by the cooperative.
Farming people according to 2000 data, dairy cow population of 354.3 thousand head with the scale of 2-3 chickens per family and low productivity of about 9-10 liters per head per day. This is due, among others, the quality of feed that has not been good and maintenance is not optimal. Scale KUD most (60%) production capacity is still low, ie below 5000 liters per day. Scale of dairy cow per breeder chickens 2-3 result is not optimal with the low productivity result in the breeder stagnant, can not even bring the needs of his life.
Trade Milk Indonesia
Map of international trade in products susu, currently located in Indonesia's position as a net consumer. To this susu national industry is still very dependent on imported raw materials susu. If conditions are not be addressed by building a system based agribusiness farms, then Indonesia will continue to be the importer of cattle country, especially susu sapi.
View from the consumption side, until now the Indonesian people against the consumption of dairy products are still very low when compared with other developing countries. Susu consumption in Indonesia is only 8 liters / capita / year is also included products that contain processed susu. Consumption susu neighboring countries such as Thailand, Malaysia and Singapore reached an average of 30 liters / capita / year, while European countries have reached 100 liters / capita / year. Along with the high income people and increasing the population of Indonesia, can be ascertained that the consumption of products by susu akan increased population in Indonesia.
Estimated increase in consumption is an opportunity that must be used properly. Susu fresh produce and products derivatnya should be improved. Conditions of production of fresh susu Indonesia at this time, most (90%) generated by the business people with the scale 2-3 head per dairy cow breeder. Small-scale livestock business is less clear because the economic benefits obtained from the sale susu only partially sufficient to meet the needs of life. From the production side, as such, ownership of a dairy cow breeders need to be improved. According to the modern dairy cow management, economies of scale can be achieved with a minimum of 10 cows per breeder.
From the institutional side, most of the dairy cow breeders in Indonesia is a member of the cooperative susu. Is a cooperative institution that acts as a mediator between the breeder industry susu. Susu determine cooperative bargaining breeders in determining the amount of sales susu, time sales, and prices received akan breeder. Cooperative role as a mediator needs to be. Ministry needs to be improved in a way to improve the quality of human resources and strengthen the cooperative networking with industry-processing industry. Adapting institutional contract farming will be very help realize this effort.
Related to agribusiness susu, in 1983 the Government has issued a decree Co (SKB) Three Ministers, namely the Ministry of Agriculture, Minister of Industry, and Minister for Trade and Cooperation. SKB in the processing industry is required to absorb susu susu fresh in the country as the assistant of susu import raw materials for industry. The proportion of fresh susu absorption in the country specified in the form of a ratio that is susu susu comparison between the fresh domestic and imported susu should be in the form of "proof of absorption" (BUSEP). BUSEP aims to protect the breeders in the country of import competition on the susu. But with the Presidential Instruction No. 4, 1998 which is part of the LOI is determined by the IMF, the government regulations that restrict imports through susu BUSEP become no longer valid, so commodity susu imported into the free entry. Problems in downstream industries also have, for example, tariffs that are not harmonious BM between susu products (5%) with other raw materials such as sugar (35%) and packaging (5% -20%). To increase the domestic market segment in the market fresh susu Indonesia, BUSEP need to go back and applied tariffs BM susu products need to review.
The lack of fresh milk production in the country is a great opportunity to develop a breeder susu business. However, breeders still face problems, among others, the ability of low culture, especially concerning the health of cattle and the low quality seeds. Lack of these than in slow production growth also susu susu affect the quality produced. Besides the difficulty of land began as a source of grass for livestock hijauan, high transportation costs, and small scale business as has been presented above, is also a resistor susu domestic production growth.
In terms of marketing susu breeder in the country, the Presidential Instruction No. 4 / 1998 resulted in the position of industry susu become far more powerful than the breeder industry susu have the option to meet the raw material needed is fresh susu from domestic or imported. This causes relatively low price of fresh milk received by perternak in the country.
Other problems faced by breeders is the large dependence of the breeder industry in the susu susu fresh dihasilkannya. Absennya keberpihakan with the Government of the cattleman, this trend raises the price of fresh susu breeder who received relatively low. The existence of standards of raw materials by a strict industry processing susu seat breeder dairy cow on the bargaining position (bargaining position) is low. More extreme, the existence of the processing industry susu terbentuknya This can cause the market structure which oligopsoni pressing breeder. In addition to the price of milk which is very cheap in the market structure, the pressure received by the breeder with the increased levy imposed by most of the local government in this era of regional autonomy.
When you view the development of agribusiness persusuan in other countries, the role of cooperatives in developing a very large business. In India, for example, cooperative susu has developed so far have amounted to approximately 57,000 units with 6 million members. Similarly, in Uruguay, where the domestic breeder has been able to produce 90% of the total national production susu. The size of the role of cooperatives has not been seen in Indonesia. Susu cooperative bargaining position we have a very weak when dealing with the dairy processing industry, both in terms of sales susu, time sales, and prices obtained.
Important issues about the process of Cooperative susu is the formation of cooperatives are generally top-down and government intervention in the relatively large set of organizations. The establishment of cooperative members is not on the basis of capital accumulation, but more members of the credit in order to beef cattle partnership with capital assistance from the government. Cooperative's members serve only at the time to sell fresh milk and mandatory dues payments and principal dues. Cooperatives as institutions in economic management to run without the strict supervision by the members, thus the power tends to set the cooperative members.
Policy Direction
Susu market so that the resulting domestic cattle farmers can be improved by the issues on the need by others with both. White revolution must be carried out since this time, namely by increasing the production and consumption of national susu. The policy in the import substitution effort susu that can be taken to achieve the conditions are as follows.
First, the Government needs to provide real support to improve productivity and quality of livestock (susu) to the breeder. Produced Dayasaing susu akan breeder can only be improved if the productivity and quality is improved. To that end, research and development, especially on the technical production and management needs to be improved. National movement followed by the activity should be evident, among other assistance in the form of counseling training and cultivation of a good dairy cow, cattle encourage superior seed availability, ease of use for the land, access and availability of capital, and development of various processing industries susu in the price level so that a breeder relatively more stable.
Second, the vessel should be formed partnerships honest behavior and respect between cattle producers, cooperatives and processing industry susu susu so that farm-based agribusiness development can walk better. All related parties must be mutual need and mutual benefit. This can be realized through contract farming system, where the integration of various elements of good breeders, cooperatives, industry / government and the capitalist.
Third, cooperative susu need to be facilitated and encouraged to do simple processing of fresh milk, among others, namely pasteurisasi and packaging fresh susu, processing into yogurt, cheese, etc.. This program comes with a wide campaign to the people, especially children, about the benefits of consuming milk and fresh products olahannya. Susu establishment of processing factories owned by the cooperative movement also needs to be encouraged. This step is necessary to anticipate the menguat and stabilnya relative value of the exchange rate of rupiah against the U.S. dollar, which may cause the industry to import susu back most of the raw materials from abroad susunya.
Fourth, the central and regional policies, should issue a policy that is able to strengthen the bargaining position, especially dairy cow breeders and farm-based agribusiness development in general. This could be done with out retribution which caused the cost of production increases costs, eliminate the tax if the value-added processing is still done by the breeder, as well as the customs tariff on milk imports to protect domestic production.
Fifth, mengefektifkan performance persusuan national council to be able to embrace all stakeholders including IPS persusuan regulations that set the price and the absorption susu that people stand on the breeder.
Hopefully fifth on the policy direction can be realized by the policy in order to realize the movement of white revolution. White revolution that will ensure the successful occurrence of the increased quality of life of Indonesian society: the availability of a guaranteed supply susu, increased income breeders and other actors in the field of business farm.
Yuari trantono, editing of a variety of sources
Link
Food For The Dairy Cow
Alternative Feed Formulation Technology For Cattle Laktasi
By:
Subiharta, Ulin Nuschati, Ernawati and Budi Utomo
Feed is one of the important factors in animal husbandry
dairy cow, because feeding the uterus is less
nutrisinya can affect the reproduction and production susu
dairy cow. TDN and protein needs of dairy cow lactation each
between 65-78% and 15-18%, while the results of research in the area
Boyolali indicates that the actual protein concentrate cattle feed
perah only 8.91% with 65% TDN. This resulted in the production and
productivity of dairy cow is not optimal. To fix it
in 2000 BPTP Central Java have produced study formula
lactation dairy cow feed is expected to be useful in
increased production and productivity of dairy cow susu.
Technology Recommendations
1.Jenis livestock
PFH mother dairy cow (Holstein crossbred Fries) is lactation
2.Pakan hijauan
The king of fresh grass, the amount of 10% weight
3.Pakan additional
Formula concentrate BPTP Jawa Tengah
- Farmers concentrate (KUD) 43.75%
- Koro Benguk18, 75%
- Pollar18, 75%
- Oilcake Kopra18, 75%
- Gynecology Kasar15 Protein, 26%
- Total Digestible Nutrient89, 00%
- Ca and P1, 00%
Time feeding morning and afternoon with the amount of 40-50%
of the total ransum (concentrate and hijauan) based on the production susu
and body weight. The time when the cattle are so diperah
cow does not sway or in a state of calm
4.Air drinking
Drinking water provided in a adlibitum (secukupnya)
5.Keragaan results
Susu production reached an average of 14.06
liters / head / day higher than the pattern of farmers, namely 11.20
liters / head / day or an increase of 2.8 liters / head / day. Degree of fat pattern
5.08 introduction of farmers and patterns 4.8. Weight Type (BJ) pattern introduction
and the same pattern, namely 1.023 farmers.
Financial Analysis
Financial analysis for the improvement of feed concentrate parent lactation
can increase the income of Rp. 1.502.395/tahun/4 tails or
increased 80.5%
Area Recommendations
High plains region with altitude 700 - 800 or more and dpl
regional cattle population perahnya enough
much.
By:
Subiharta, Ulin Nuschati, Ernawati and Budi Utomo
Feed is one of the important factors in animal husbandry
dairy cow, because feeding the uterus is less
nutrisinya can affect the reproduction and production susu
dairy cow. TDN and protein needs of dairy cow lactation each
between 65-78% and 15-18%, while the results of research in the area
Boyolali indicates that the actual protein concentrate cattle feed
perah only 8.91% with 65% TDN. This resulted in the production and
productivity of dairy cow is not optimal. To fix it
in 2000 BPTP Central Java have produced study formula
lactation dairy cow feed is expected to be useful in
increased production and productivity of dairy cow susu.
Technology Recommendations
1.Jenis livestock
PFH mother dairy cow (Holstein crossbred Fries) is lactation
2.Pakan hijauan
The king of fresh grass, the amount of 10% weight
3.Pakan additional
Formula concentrate BPTP Jawa Tengah
- Farmers concentrate (KUD) 43.75%
- Koro Benguk18, 75%
- Pollar18, 75%
- Oilcake Kopra18, 75%
- Gynecology Kasar15 Protein, 26%
- Total Digestible Nutrient89, 00%
- Ca and P1, 00%
Time feeding morning and afternoon with the amount of 40-50%
of the total ransum (concentrate and hijauan) based on the production susu
and body weight. The time when the cattle are so diperah
cow does not sway or in a state of calm
4.Air drinking
Drinking water provided in a adlibitum (secukupnya)
5.Keragaan results
Susu production reached an average of 14.06
liters / head / day higher than the pattern of farmers, namely 11.20
liters / head / day or an increase of 2.8 liters / head / day. Degree of fat pattern
5.08 introduction of farmers and patterns 4.8. Weight Type (BJ) pattern introduction
and the same pattern, namely 1.023 farmers.
Financial Analysis
Financial analysis for the improvement of feed concentrate parent lactation
can increase the income of Rp. 1.502.395/tahun/4 tails or
increased 80.5%
Area Recommendations
High plains region with altitude 700 - 800 or more and dpl
regional cattle population perahnya enough
much.
Link
Milk Good Results
Elections seeds dairy cow
Female seed selection
There are three important issues that must be considered in the maintenance of the dairy cow farming related to one another among the (culture), and of feed. And maintenance of a good feed akan meghasilkan production with the support of good also. Seeds of good beef is very important to note when doing akan cultivation of dairy cow. Elections seeds dairy cow include the selection of virgin seed will result in the production and selection of seeds susu pejantan.
Elections Seeds Dara
The requirements that must be fulfilled by the seeds of adult dairy cow is a female: (a) high production susu, (b) aged 3,5-4,5 years and have been childless, (c) derived from the parent and offspring who have pejantan production susu high, (d) of the body such as the wedge, (e) the luminous eyes, back straight, head of both, the distance front foot or back foot is quite big and strong legs, (f) large udder, pertautan good enough in the body, when be touched soft, smooth skin, vena susu many, long and sinuous, susu stalk not more than 4, is located in a rectangular symmetrical and not too short, (g) the body healthy and not as a disease, and (h) give birth each year.
Elections Pejantan Seeds
Pejantan that both must meet the following criteria: (a) 4-5 years of age, (b) have higher fertility, (c) the nature of power down to the high production of children, (d) derived from the parent and a good pejantan , (e) the large body in accordance with age, strong, and have attributes of good pejantan, (f) the width of the head, neck big, wide shoulders, strong back, (g) face a little longer, a little sharp and shoulder width, ( h) Average thigh and quite separately, (i) chest width and the distance between the bones rusuknya quite wide, (j) the length of the body, in the chest, chest circumference and the circumference of the belly, and (k) healthy, free from disease and not down defects in offspring.
Bios: Asep Gunawan, SPT was born on 4 July 1980. Before become a lecturer in the Section Pemuliaan Livestock and Genetics, Faculty of Animal Husbandry IPB, he served on the Company Supervisor PT Peternakan Ayam. Boga Sampurna animals. Currently he studies are continuing in the program Master of Science (S2) at the Agricultural Science and Resource Management Tropics and Subtropics, University of Bonn, Germany
Posted by farmer at 01:00 0 comments
Labels: Elections BIBIT dairy cow
LIVESTOCK BUDIDAYA dairy cow (Bos sp.)
1. BRIEF HISTORY
Cattle livestock is important as a source of meat, milk, labor and other needs. Cow produces about 50% (45-55%) of meat in the world needs, the needs of 95% and 85% susu skin needs. Comes from the cow family Bovidae. as well as the Bison, bison, water buffalo (Bubalus), African buffalo (Syncherus), and Anoa.
Domestikasi cattle start made about 400 years BC. Cow is estimated to come from Central Asia, then spread to Europe, Africa and throughout Asia. Towards the end of the 19th century, Ongole cattle from India to the island of Sumba is inserted, and since that time the island was used as a breeding cow Ongole pure.
In the year 1957 have been made the genetic improvement of the quality of the road with Madura cattle with cattle menyilangkannya Red Deen. Another contradiction between local cattle (hybrid Ongole) with Frisian Holstein dairy cow in Grati dairy cow in order to obtain a new type of in accordance with the climate and conditions in Indonesia.
2. SENTRA FISHERY
Cattle breeding centers in the world in European countries (Scotland, UK, Denmark, France, Switzerland, the Netherlands), Italy, the United States, Australia, Africa and Asia (India and Pakistan). Holstein Friesian cows, for example, the production of high susunya (+ 6350 kg / year), with the percentage of fat susu approximately 3-7%. However, dairy cow, cattle are able to be in the up to 25,000 kg of milk / year, when the winning seeds are used, are given feed that complies with the needs of livestock, the environment that supports the cultivation and application of good management. Susu production at this time in the world reached 385 million m2/ton/th, especially in a zone that is being. Susu beef production in the PSPB still less than 10 liters / day, and far from the normal standard 12 liter / day (the average is only 5-8 liters / day).
3. TYPE
In general, the nations cow (Bos) is there in the world there are two, namely (1) groups that come from Zebu cattle (Bos indicus) or the type of cattle that berpunuk, which originated and spread in the tropics and (2) group of Bos primigenius, the spread in the sub-tropical or better known as the Bos Taurus.
Type of dairy cow and the winner is most often kept cattle Shorhorn (from England), Holstein Friesian (Dutch), Yersey (strait from the Channel between England and France), Brown Swiss (from Switzerland), Danish Red (from Denmark) and Droughtmaster (from Australia). Survey results in the PSPB Cibinong shows that the type of dairy cow the most suitable and profitable for dibudidayakan in Indonesia is Frisien Holstein.
4. BENEFITS
Livestock cattle produce meat as a source of protein, milk, leather used for industrial and manure as a source of organic agriculture.
5. LOCATION REQUIREMENTS
The ideal location to build a shed is a region that is located quite far from the settlement, but easily accessible by vehicle. Enclosure must be separate from the homes with a minimum distance of 10 meters and the sun should be able to penetrate the enclosure and close to agricultural land. Pembuatannya can be done in groups or in the middle of rice fields.
6. TECHNICAL GUIDELINES BUDIDAYA
6.1. Preparation Facility and Equipment
Enclosure can be made in the form of single or double, depending on the number of cattle owned. In the single-cage type, placement of cattle is done on one line or one row, while the enclosure bertipe ganda placement is done on two series of each other or each other for behind. Between the two series are made to line the road.
Enclosure for the purpose of making my (kereman) usually form when the singular capacity of the livestock kept only a few. However, when cattle production activities is for the commercial, the size of the enclosure should be more knowledgeable and more so that it can accommodate the large number of cattle more. Floor pens should be arranged in order to keep clean to prevent the occurrence of various diseases. Floors made of dense soil or cement, and easy to clean dirt from the cow. Dialasi ground floor with dry straw litter as a warm enclosure.
Throughout the enclosure and equipment that must never be used disuci hamakan first with disinfectant, such as creolin, lysol, and other materials. The size of the enclosure that is made for a mature bull is 1.5 or 2.5 m x2 m x2, while for adult female cattle is 1.8 m and x2 for the calf is 1.5 m x1 tail, with a high-top + 2-2, 5 m from the ground. Temperature in the enclosure around 25-40 degrees C (average 33 degrees C) and humidity 75%. Location of maintenance can be performed on the low (100-500 m) to high (> 500 m).
6.2. Seedling
The requirements that must be fulfilled by the seeds of adult dairy cow is a female:
susu high production,
aged 3,5-4,5 years and have been childless,
derived from the parent and offspring who have pejantan susu high production,
form of the body such as the wedge,
luminous eyes, back straight, head of both, the distance front foot or back foot is quite big and strong legs,
udder is quite large, pertautan good enough in the body, be touched when the soft, smooth skin, vena susu many, long and sinuous, susu stalk not more than 4, is located in a rectangular symmetrical and not too short,
body healthy and not as a disease, and
give birth each year.
While both the parent candidates, among others:
derived from the parent that resulted in a high water susu,
head and neck a little long, sharp shoulder, the body long enough, and pinggul flat back, chest and pinggul in width,
the distance between the two rear legs and two front legs wide enough,
udder growth and good stalk,
number of stalk not more than 4 and located symmetrical, and
healthy and not disabled.
Pejantan that both must meet the following criteria:
age around 4-5 years,
have high fertility,
power down the nature of the production of high-children,
derived from the parent and pejantan good,
big body in accordance with age, strong, and have attributes of good pejantan,
head width, large neck, wide shoulders, strong back,
slightly long face, shoulder width and slightly sharp,
Average thigh and quite separate,
chest width and the distance between the bones rusuknya quite wide,
body length, in the chest, chest circumference and the circumference of the belly, and
healthy, free from disease and disability do not reduce the offspring.
Procedure:
Elections Candidates IndukUntuk seeds and pursue the high productivity of livestock, the environmental improvements required and increase the genetic quality of livestock is concerned. The new seed must come quarantined for disease transmission. Then the seeds were given drinking water mixed with salt, placed in a clean cage and be pondered, and noted appearance.
Seed treatment and Candidate IndukSeluruh virgin dairy cow that has not showed signs birahi or not pregnant after a certain period, should be. If a cow that has been produced be susu, are again based on cattle production susunya, trends infected udder inflammation and temperamennya.
PemuliabiakanSeringkali dairy cow system is integrated with the virgin pejantan Pedaging to reduce the risk of trouble after the new birth and the child is integrated with one dairy cow pejantan options. Seeds should be given the opportunity to move on at least 2 hours each day.
6.3. Maintenance
Action PreventifPada sanitation and maintenance of intensive cattle-breeder cows dikandangkan so easy mengawasinya, while maintaining an extensive monitoring difficult because of cattle-cattle that are kept free life. Dairy cow is kept in the shade (room) has a conception of production is higher (19%) and production susunya 11% more than without shade. Seeds of illness and immediately treated as the seeds that bear dikering kandangkan for 1-2 months.
Treatment TernakTernak dimandikan 2 days once. All cattle dimandikan mother every day after the pen and cleaned before milking susu. Pens should be cleaned every day, the dirt placed on the cage so that special care can be processed into fertilizer. After the cage cleaned, should be given lantainya mattress pad as the floor general of straw or remnant feed hijauan (mattress once a week should be demolished). Performed since the cattle weighing pedet until adult age. Cattle pedet be pondered once a week while the adult cow be pondered every month or 3 months. The new cow disapih be pondered once. Adult cow can be pondered by making measurements based on the estimated width and chest circumference, body length and high brow.
Giving PakanPemberian feed the cattle can be done with 3 ways, namely:
penggembalaan system (pasture fattening)
kereman (dry lot fattening)
how a combination of first and kedua.Pakan given form hijauan and concentrate. Hijauan the form of rice straw, sugarcane leaf shoots, Lamtoro, alfalfa, elephant grass, grass or grass Bengal king. Hijauan given the day after milking as much as 30-50 kg / head / day. Form of feed for cattle pasture dewasaumumnya given as 10% of body weight (BB) and additional feed as many as 1-2% of the BB. Cattle that are breastfeeding (lactation) requires additional food by 25% and concentrate hijauan in ransumnya. Hijauan the form of fresh grass should be added to the types of nuts (legum). Carbohydrate source such as bran or fine bekatul, pulp, and GAPLEK, oilcake and coconut and minerals (as a brace) in the form of salt, lime, etc.. Concentrate feed should be provided in the morning and afternoon before cattle diperah of 1-2 kg / head / day. Besides food, the cows must be given water to drink as much as 10% of body weight per hari.Pemeliharaan main feeding is adequate and quality, and maintain cleanliness and health of livestock pens that are kept. Kereman feeding in combination with penggembalaan At the beginning of the dry season, cattle digembalakan every day. In the rainy season, cattle feed and dikandangkan given according to the quota. Penggembalaan also aims to provide an opportunity to move the cattle to strengthen his leg.
Maintenance KandangKotoran ditimbun in other places so that the fermentation process (+1-2 days) and changes to manure that has been cooked and good. Cowshed should not be a closed meeting (open slightly) so that the air circulation inside running smoothly. Clean drinking water must be available at any time. Feed and drinking places should be made outside the cage but still under the roof. Feed made the place a bit higher so that the feed is not given diinjak board or mixed with dirt. Meanwhile, the water should be made permanent, cement tanks and a little higher than the surface of the floor. Provide the equipment to wash the cows.
7. Pests and diseases
7.1. Diseases
Diseases antraks
Causes: Bacillus anthracis is spread through direct contact, food / beverages or inhalation.
Symptoms:
high fever, body weakness and trembling;
respiratory disturbances;
gland swelling in the chest, neck, genitals and the body full boil;
sometimes blood red black out through the nose, ears, mouth, anus and vagina;
cattle dung liquid and often mixed with blood;
spleen swollen and blackish color.
Control: vaccination, antibiotic treatment, isolate the infected cattle and bury / burn the dead cows.
Nails and mouth disease (PMK) or disease Apthae epizootica (AE)
The cause: a virus is spread through direct contact with urine, water, milk, saliva and other substances that bacteria tercemar AE.
Symptoms:
mouth cavity, tongue, and foot and a blister or tracak rounded protrusion there is a clear liquid containing;
fever or fever, body temperature decreased dramatically;
decreased appetite does not even want to eat at all;
excessive saliva out.
Control: vaccination and exiled the sick cow and treated separately.
Diseases ngorok / mendekur or disease Septichaema epizootica (SE)
Causes: bacteria Pasturella multocida. Penularannya through food and beverages tercemar bacteria.
Symptoms:
skin and mucous membrane of the tongue swell, red and kebiruan;
neck, anus, vulva and swell;
inflame the lungs, intestine and mucous stomach acid and crimson;
fever and difficult breathing so that similar people ngorok. In very severe cases, cattle will die in the time between 12-36 hours.
Control: SE and anti-vaccination be given antibiotics or sulfa.
Disease or inflammation kuku kuku decay (foot rot)
This disease attacks the cow is kept in a cage and wet dirty.
Symptoms:
germinal nail swelling around the slit and remove the white turbid liquid;
nails peel skin;
grow benjolan that cause pain;
lame cows, and can eventually paralysis.
7.2. Prevention of attacks
Prevention efforts and treated with cut nails done and soak in the pain refanol solution for 30 minutes repeated once a week and put the cattle in the pens clean and dry.
8. PANEN
8.1. Main results
Results of the cultivation of dairy cow milk is produced by a female parent.
8.2. Additional Results
In addition to dairy cow milk also provides the results of other meat and leather come from cows that are not productive and the manure produced from cattle dung.
9. PASCAPANEN: ...
10. ECONOMIC ANALYSIS BUDIDAYA
10.1. Cultivating Business Analysis
Dairy cow cattle business in Indonesia is still a subsistence by small breeder and have not reached a business-oriented economic development. The low level of productivity of cattle is due to a lack of capital, and knowledge / skills of farmers that include aspects reproduction, feeding, management pascapanen results, the application of the recording system, milking, sanitation and disease prevention. Besides the knowledge of farmers about the commercial aspects of governance should be improved so that the benefits obtained with comparable maintenance. Susu beef production in the world has now exceeded 385 million m2/ton/th to the level of sales and beef products is greater than pedet, pejantan, and cattle afkiran. In the United States, the level of sales and purchase of cattle and their products in cash for 13% of all livestock in the world. While the level of sales calf (pedet), pejantan dairy cow, and cow afkir only around 3%. Susu production is still some need to be increased in line with the increasing number of people in this world. To achieve a high level of production and management of the feed must be truly appropriate to the needs of cattle, which feed the minimum that can be used by livestock (be merged) arranged around 3,5-4% of the dry
10.2. Peluang Lýsing Agribusiness
Animal husbandry dairy cow family benefit if the number of cows which kept a minimum of 6 tails, although levels of efficiency can be achieved with a minimum of 2 tails pengusahaannya with average milk production of 15 lt / day. Efforts to increase farmers' income through dairy cow pembudidayaan can also be done through business diversification. In addition to cooperative efforts and integrated (horizontal and vertical) with farmers and other institutions that berkompeten, and still stabilizing pattern pear above.
11. REFERENCES
Anonymous. []. Guidelines Beternak dairy cow. Purwokerto, Central of Livestock and Livestock Food Hijauan. P. 2. (brochure).
Anonymous. 1983. Instructions how to use livestock medicines. Samarinda, East Kalimantan Livestock Department. P. 12.
Anonymous. 1988. Condition of livestock and the quality of dairy cow milk on the island of Java. PPSKI Bulletin, 5 (27) 1988: 39-40.
Anonymous. 1988. Milking, one factor determines the amount of water susu. Swadaya Livestock Australia, (42) 1988: 23-24.
Anonymous. 1988. Efforts to increase the welfare of breeder melaluipeningkatan efficiency of production. PPSKI Bulletin, 5 (27) 1988: 16-24.
Bandini, Yusni. 1997. Bali cattle. Cet 1. Jakarta, Swadaya spreader. P. 73.
Church, D.C. 1991. Livestock feeds and feeding. 3 ed. New Jersey, Prentice-Hall, Inc.: 278-279.
Djaja, Willian. 1988. Clean and healthy living in the farm dairy cow. PPSKI Bulletin, 5 (27) 1988: 25-26.
Djarijah, Abbas Sirega. 1996. Beef cattle business. Yogyakarta, Kanisius. P. 43.
Fox, Michael W. 1984. Farm animals: husbandry, behavior, and veterinary practice. Maryland Baltimore, University Park Press: 82-112; 150.
Ginting, Eliezer. 1988. Guidance and counseling dairy cow business people in East Java. PPSKI Bulletin, 5 (27) 1988: 27-33.
Hehanussa, P.E. 1995. Master plan Life Science Center-Cibinong. Limnotek, 3 (1) 1995: 1-34.
Hermanto. 1988. How does the handling dairy cow in the dry? Swadaya Livestock Australia, (42) 1988: 24-25.
Nienaber, J.A., et al. 1974. Affects Livestock production environment and health. Proceedings of the International Livestock Environment Conference. St. Joseph, American Society of Agricultural Engineers.
Pane, Ismed. 1986. Pemuliabiakan beef cattle. Jakarta, PT. Media: 1-38, 133.
Sabrani, M. 1994. Technology development Sumba Ongole cattle. Jakarta, National Research and Development of Agriculture: 15-26.
Suryanto, Bambang; Santosa, Siswanto Imam; Mukson. 1988. Business Husbandry Sciences. Semarang, Faculty of Animal Husbandry UNDIP. P. 63.
Warudjo, Bambang 1988. Quality and price susu. PPSKI Bulletin, 5 (27) 1988: 34-38.
12. CONTACT RELATIONS
Project Rural Community Economic Development - No Coconut Jl.Sunda BAPPENAS. 7 Jakarta, Tel. 021 390 9829, Fax. 021 390 9829
Office Minister of State Research and Technology, Deputy Pendayagunaan and Pemasyarakatan Iptek, BPPT II Building 6 Floor, Jl. M. H. Thamrin No. 8, Jakarta 10340, Indonesia, Tel. +62 21 316 9166 ~ 69, Fax. +62 21 310 1952, Website: http://www.ristek.go.id
Source: Project Rural Community Economic Development, Bappenas
Female seed selection
There are three important issues that must be considered in the maintenance of the dairy cow farming related to one another among the (culture), and of feed. And maintenance of a good feed akan meghasilkan production with the support of good also. Seeds of good beef is very important to note when doing akan cultivation of dairy cow. Elections seeds dairy cow include the selection of virgin seed will result in the production and selection of seeds susu pejantan.
Elections Seeds Dara
The requirements that must be fulfilled by the seeds of adult dairy cow is a female: (a) high production susu, (b) aged 3,5-4,5 years and have been childless, (c) derived from the parent and offspring who have pejantan production susu high, (d) of the body such as the wedge, (e) the luminous eyes, back straight, head of both, the distance front foot or back foot is quite big and strong legs, (f) large udder, pertautan good enough in the body, when be touched soft, smooth skin, vena susu many, long and sinuous, susu stalk not more than 4, is located in a rectangular symmetrical and not too short, (g) the body healthy and not as a disease, and (h) give birth each year.
Elections Pejantan Seeds
Pejantan that both must meet the following criteria: (a) 4-5 years of age, (b) have higher fertility, (c) the nature of power down to the high production of children, (d) derived from the parent and a good pejantan , (e) the large body in accordance with age, strong, and have attributes of good pejantan, (f) the width of the head, neck big, wide shoulders, strong back, (g) face a little longer, a little sharp and shoulder width, ( h) Average thigh and quite separately, (i) chest width and the distance between the bones rusuknya quite wide, (j) the length of the body, in the chest, chest circumference and the circumference of the belly, and (k) healthy, free from disease and not down defects in offspring.
Bios: Asep Gunawan, SPT was born on 4 July 1980. Before become a lecturer in the Section Pemuliaan Livestock and Genetics, Faculty of Animal Husbandry IPB, he served on the Company Supervisor PT Peternakan Ayam. Boga Sampurna animals. Currently he studies are continuing in the program Master of Science (S2) at the Agricultural Science and Resource Management Tropics and Subtropics, University of Bonn, Germany
Posted by farmer at 01:00 0 comments
Labels: Elections BIBIT dairy cow
LIVESTOCK BUDIDAYA dairy cow (Bos sp.)
1. BRIEF HISTORY
Cattle livestock is important as a source of meat, milk, labor and other needs. Cow produces about 50% (45-55%) of meat in the world needs, the needs of 95% and 85% susu skin needs. Comes from the cow family Bovidae. as well as the Bison, bison, water buffalo (Bubalus), African buffalo (Syncherus), and Anoa.
Domestikasi cattle start made about 400 years BC. Cow is estimated to come from Central Asia, then spread to Europe, Africa and throughout Asia. Towards the end of the 19th century, Ongole cattle from India to the island of Sumba is inserted, and since that time the island was used as a breeding cow Ongole pure.
In the year 1957 have been made the genetic improvement of the quality of the road with Madura cattle with cattle menyilangkannya Red Deen. Another contradiction between local cattle (hybrid Ongole) with Frisian Holstein dairy cow in Grati dairy cow in order to obtain a new type of in accordance with the climate and conditions in Indonesia.
2. SENTRA FISHERY
Cattle breeding centers in the world in European countries (Scotland, UK, Denmark, France, Switzerland, the Netherlands), Italy, the United States, Australia, Africa and Asia (India and Pakistan). Holstein Friesian cows, for example, the production of high susunya (+ 6350 kg / year), with the percentage of fat susu approximately 3-7%. However, dairy cow, cattle are able to be in the up to 25,000 kg of milk / year, when the winning seeds are used, are given feed that complies with the needs of livestock, the environment that supports the cultivation and application of good management. Susu production at this time in the world reached 385 million m2/ton/th, especially in a zone that is being. Susu beef production in the PSPB still less than 10 liters / day, and far from the normal standard 12 liter / day (the average is only 5-8 liters / day).
3. TYPE
In general, the nations cow (Bos) is there in the world there are two, namely (1) groups that come from Zebu cattle (Bos indicus) or the type of cattle that berpunuk, which originated and spread in the tropics and (2) group of Bos primigenius, the spread in the sub-tropical or better known as the Bos Taurus.
Type of dairy cow and the winner is most often kept cattle Shorhorn (from England), Holstein Friesian (Dutch), Yersey (strait from the Channel between England and France), Brown Swiss (from Switzerland), Danish Red (from Denmark) and Droughtmaster (from Australia). Survey results in the PSPB Cibinong shows that the type of dairy cow the most suitable and profitable for dibudidayakan in Indonesia is Frisien Holstein.
4. BENEFITS
Livestock cattle produce meat as a source of protein, milk, leather used for industrial and manure as a source of organic agriculture.
5. LOCATION REQUIREMENTS
The ideal location to build a shed is a region that is located quite far from the settlement, but easily accessible by vehicle. Enclosure must be separate from the homes with a minimum distance of 10 meters and the sun should be able to penetrate the enclosure and close to agricultural land. Pembuatannya can be done in groups or in the middle of rice fields.
6. TECHNICAL GUIDELINES BUDIDAYA
6.1. Preparation Facility and Equipment
Enclosure can be made in the form of single or double, depending on the number of cattle owned. In the single-cage type, placement of cattle is done on one line or one row, while the enclosure bertipe ganda placement is done on two series of each other or each other for behind. Between the two series are made to line the road.
Enclosure for the purpose of making my (kereman) usually form when the singular capacity of the livestock kept only a few. However, when cattle production activities is for the commercial, the size of the enclosure should be more knowledgeable and more so that it can accommodate the large number of cattle more. Floor pens should be arranged in order to keep clean to prevent the occurrence of various diseases. Floors made of dense soil or cement, and easy to clean dirt from the cow. Dialasi ground floor with dry straw litter as a warm enclosure.
Throughout the enclosure and equipment that must never be used disuci hamakan first with disinfectant, such as creolin, lysol, and other materials. The size of the enclosure that is made for a mature bull is 1.5 or 2.5 m x2 m x2, while for adult female cattle is 1.8 m and x2 for the calf is 1.5 m x1 tail, with a high-top + 2-2, 5 m from the ground. Temperature in the enclosure around 25-40 degrees C (average 33 degrees C) and humidity 75%. Location of maintenance can be performed on the low (100-500 m) to high (> 500 m).
6.2. Seedling
The requirements that must be fulfilled by the seeds of adult dairy cow is a female:
susu high production,
aged 3,5-4,5 years and have been childless,
derived from the parent and offspring who have pejantan susu high production,
form of the body such as the wedge,
luminous eyes, back straight, head of both, the distance front foot or back foot is quite big and strong legs,
udder is quite large, pertautan good enough in the body, be touched when the soft, smooth skin, vena susu many, long and sinuous, susu stalk not more than 4, is located in a rectangular symmetrical and not too short,
body healthy and not as a disease, and
give birth each year.
While both the parent candidates, among others:
derived from the parent that resulted in a high water susu,
head and neck a little long, sharp shoulder, the body long enough, and pinggul flat back, chest and pinggul in width,
the distance between the two rear legs and two front legs wide enough,
udder growth and good stalk,
number of stalk not more than 4 and located symmetrical, and
healthy and not disabled.
Pejantan that both must meet the following criteria:
age around 4-5 years,
have high fertility,
power down the nature of the production of high-children,
derived from the parent and pejantan good,
big body in accordance with age, strong, and have attributes of good pejantan,
head width, large neck, wide shoulders, strong back,
slightly long face, shoulder width and slightly sharp,
Average thigh and quite separate,
chest width and the distance between the bones rusuknya quite wide,
body length, in the chest, chest circumference and the circumference of the belly, and
healthy, free from disease and disability do not reduce the offspring.
Procedure:
Elections Candidates IndukUntuk seeds and pursue the high productivity of livestock, the environmental improvements required and increase the genetic quality of livestock is concerned. The new seed must come quarantined for disease transmission. Then the seeds were given drinking water mixed with salt, placed in a clean cage and be pondered, and noted appearance.
Seed treatment and Candidate IndukSeluruh virgin dairy cow that has not showed signs birahi or not pregnant after a certain period, should be. If a cow that has been produced be susu, are again based on cattle production susunya, trends infected udder inflammation and temperamennya.
PemuliabiakanSeringkali dairy cow system is integrated with the virgin pejantan Pedaging to reduce the risk of trouble after the new birth and the child is integrated with one dairy cow pejantan options. Seeds should be given the opportunity to move on at least 2 hours each day.
6.3. Maintenance
Action PreventifPada sanitation and maintenance of intensive cattle-breeder cows dikandangkan so easy mengawasinya, while maintaining an extensive monitoring difficult because of cattle-cattle that are kept free life. Dairy cow is kept in the shade (room) has a conception of production is higher (19%) and production susunya 11% more than without shade. Seeds of illness and immediately treated as the seeds that bear dikering kandangkan for 1-2 months.
Treatment TernakTernak dimandikan 2 days once. All cattle dimandikan mother every day after the pen and cleaned before milking susu. Pens should be cleaned every day, the dirt placed on the cage so that special care can be processed into fertilizer. After the cage cleaned, should be given lantainya mattress pad as the floor general of straw or remnant feed hijauan (mattress once a week should be demolished). Performed since the cattle weighing pedet until adult age. Cattle pedet be pondered once a week while the adult cow be pondered every month or 3 months. The new cow disapih be pondered once. Adult cow can be pondered by making measurements based on the estimated width and chest circumference, body length and high brow.
Giving PakanPemberian feed the cattle can be done with 3 ways, namely:
penggembalaan system (pasture fattening)
kereman (dry lot fattening)
how a combination of first and kedua.Pakan given form hijauan and concentrate. Hijauan the form of rice straw, sugarcane leaf shoots, Lamtoro, alfalfa, elephant grass, grass or grass Bengal king. Hijauan given the day after milking as much as 30-50 kg / head / day. Form of feed for cattle pasture dewasaumumnya given as 10% of body weight (BB) and additional feed as many as 1-2% of the BB. Cattle that are breastfeeding (lactation) requires additional food by 25% and concentrate hijauan in ransumnya. Hijauan the form of fresh grass should be added to the types of nuts (legum). Carbohydrate source such as bran or fine bekatul, pulp, and GAPLEK, oilcake and coconut and minerals (as a brace) in the form of salt, lime, etc.. Concentrate feed should be provided in the morning and afternoon before cattle diperah of 1-2 kg / head / day. Besides food, the cows must be given water to drink as much as 10% of body weight per hari.Pemeliharaan main feeding is adequate and quality, and maintain cleanliness and health of livestock pens that are kept. Kereman feeding in combination with penggembalaan At the beginning of the dry season, cattle digembalakan every day. In the rainy season, cattle feed and dikandangkan given according to the quota. Penggembalaan also aims to provide an opportunity to move the cattle to strengthen his leg.
Maintenance KandangKotoran ditimbun in other places so that the fermentation process (+1-2 days) and changes to manure that has been cooked and good. Cowshed should not be a closed meeting (open slightly) so that the air circulation inside running smoothly. Clean drinking water must be available at any time. Feed and drinking places should be made outside the cage but still under the roof. Feed made the place a bit higher so that the feed is not given diinjak board or mixed with dirt. Meanwhile, the water should be made permanent, cement tanks and a little higher than the surface of the floor. Provide the equipment to wash the cows.
7. Pests and diseases
7.1. Diseases
Diseases antraks
Causes: Bacillus anthracis is spread through direct contact, food / beverages or inhalation.
Symptoms:
high fever, body weakness and trembling;
respiratory disturbances;
gland swelling in the chest, neck, genitals and the body full boil;
sometimes blood red black out through the nose, ears, mouth, anus and vagina;
cattle dung liquid and often mixed with blood;
spleen swollen and blackish color.
Control: vaccination, antibiotic treatment, isolate the infected cattle and bury / burn the dead cows.
Nails and mouth disease (PMK) or disease Apthae epizootica (AE)
The cause: a virus is spread through direct contact with urine, water, milk, saliva and other substances that bacteria tercemar AE.
Symptoms:
mouth cavity, tongue, and foot and a blister or tracak rounded protrusion there is a clear liquid containing;
fever or fever, body temperature decreased dramatically;
decreased appetite does not even want to eat at all;
excessive saliva out.
Control: vaccination and exiled the sick cow and treated separately.
Diseases ngorok / mendekur or disease Septichaema epizootica (SE)
Causes: bacteria Pasturella multocida. Penularannya through food and beverages tercemar bacteria.
Symptoms:
skin and mucous membrane of the tongue swell, red and kebiruan;
neck, anus, vulva and swell;
inflame the lungs, intestine and mucous stomach acid and crimson;
fever and difficult breathing so that similar people ngorok. In very severe cases, cattle will die in the time between 12-36 hours.
Control: SE and anti-vaccination be given antibiotics or sulfa.
Disease or inflammation kuku kuku decay (foot rot)
This disease attacks the cow is kept in a cage and wet dirty.
Symptoms:
germinal nail swelling around the slit and remove the white turbid liquid;
nails peel skin;
grow benjolan that cause pain;
lame cows, and can eventually paralysis.
7.2. Prevention of attacks
Prevention efforts and treated with cut nails done and soak in the pain refanol solution for 30 minutes repeated once a week and put the cattle in the pens clean and dry.
8. PANEN
8.1. Main results
Results of the cultivation of dairy cow milk is produced by a female parent.
8.2. Additional Results
In addition to dairy cow milk also provides the results of other meat and leather come from cows that are not productive and the manure produced from cattle dung.
9. PASCAPANEN: ...
10. ECONOMIC ANALYSIS BUDIDAYA
10.1. Cultivating Business Analysis
Dairy cow cattle business in Indonesia is still a subsistence by small breeder and have not reached a business-oriented economic development. The low level of productivity of cattle is due to a lack of capital, and knowledge / skills of farmers that include aspects reproduction, feeding, management pascapanen results, the application of the recording system, milking, sanitation and disease prevention. Besides the knowledge of farmers about the commercial aspects of governance should be improved so that the benefits obtained with comparable maintenance. Susu beef production in the world has now exceeded 385 million m2/ton/th to the level of sales and beef products is greater than pedet, pejantan, and cattle afkiran. In the United States, the level of sales and purchase of cattle and their products in cash for 13% of all livestock in the world. While the level of sales calf (pedet), pejantan dairy cow, and cow afkir only around 3%. Susu production is still some need to be increased in line with the increasing number of people in this world. To achieve a high level of production and management of the feed must be truly appropriate to the needs of cattle, which feed the minimum that can be used by livestock (be merged) arranged around 3,5-4% of the dry
10.2. Peluang Lýsing Agribusiness
Animal husbandry dairy cow family benefit if the number of cows which kept a minimum of 6 tails, although levels of efficiency can be achieved with a minimum of 2 tails pengusahaannya with average milk production of 15 lt / day. Efforts to increase farmers' income through dairy cow pembudidayaan can also be done through business diversification. In addition to cooperative efforts and integrated (horizontal and vertical) with farmers and other institutions that berkompeten, and still stabilizing pattern pear above.
11. REFERENCES
Anonymous. []. Guidelines Beternak dairy cow. Purwokerto, Central of Livestock and Livestock Food Hijauan. P. 2. (brochure).
Anonymous. 1983. Instructions how to use livestock medicines. Samarinda, East Kalimantan Livestock Department. P. 12.
Anonymous. 1988. Condition of livestock and the quality of dairy cow milk on the island of Java. PPSKI Bulletin, 5 (27) 1988: 39-40.
Anonymous. 1988. Milking, one factor determines the amount of water susu. Swadaya Livestock Australia, (42) 1988: 23-24.
Anonymous. 1988. Efforts to increase the welfare of breeder melaluipeningkatan efficiency of production. PPSKI Bulletin, 5 (27) 1988: 16-24.
Bandini, Yusni. 1997. Bali cattle. Cet 1. Jakarta, Swadaya spreader. P. 73.
Church, D.C. 1991. Livestock feeds and feeding. 3 ed. New Jersey, Prentice-Hall, Inc.: 278-279.
Djaja, Willian. 1988. Clean and healthy living in the farm dairy cow. PPSKI Bulletin, 5 (27) 1988: 25-26.
Djarijah, Abbas Sirega. 1996. Beef cattle business. Yogyakarta, Kanisius. P. 43.
Fox, Michael W. 1984. Farm animals: husbandry, behavior, and veterinary practice. Maryland Baltimore, University Park Press: 82-112; 150.
Ginting, Eliezer. 1988. Guidance and counseling dairy cow business people in East Java. PPSKI Bulletin, 5 (27) 1988: 27-33.
Hehanussa, P.E. 1995. Master plan Life Science Center-Cibinong. Limnotek, 3 (1) 1995: 1-34.
Hermanto. 1988. How does the handling dairy cow in the dry? Swadaya Livestock Australia, (42) 1988: 24-25.
Nienaber, J.A., et al. 1974. Affects Livestock production environment and health. Proceedings of the International Livestock Environment Conference. St. Joseph, American Society of Agricultural Engineers.
Pane, Ismed. 1986. Pemuliabiakan beef cattle. Jakarta, PT. Media: 1-38, 133.
Sabrani, M. 1994. Technology development Sumba Ongole cattle. Jakarta, National Research and Development of Agriculture: 15-26.
Suryanto, Bambang; Santosa, Siswanto Imam; Mukson. 1988. Business Husbandry Sciences. Semarang, Faculty of Animal Husbandry UNDIP. P. 63.
Warudjo, Bambang 1988. Quality and price susu. PPSKI Bulletin, 5 (27) 1988: 34-38.
12. CONTACT RELATIONS
Project Rural Community Economic Development - No Coconut Jl.Sunda BAPPENAS. 7 Jakarta, Tel. 021 390 9829, Fax. 021 390 9829
Office Minister of State Research and Technology, Deputy Pendayagunaan and Pemasyarakatan Iptek, BPPT II Building 6 Floor, Jl. M. H. Thamrin No. 8, Jakarta 10340, Indonesia, Tel. +62 21 316 9166 ~ 69, Fax. +62 21 310 1952, Website: http://www.ristek.go.id
Source: Project Rural Community Economic Development, Bappenas
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