Elections seeds dairy cow
Female seed selection
There are three important issues that must be considered in the maintenance of the dairy cow farming related to one another among the (culture), and of feed. And maintenance of a good feed akan meghasilkan production with the support of good also. Seeds of good beef is very important to note when doing akan cultivation of dairy cow. Elections seeds dairy cow include the selection of virgin seed will result in the production and selection of seeds susu pejantan.
Elections Seeds Dara
The requirements that must be fulfilled by the seeds of adult dairy cow is a female: (a) high production susu, (b) aged 3,5-4,5 years and have been childless, (c) derived from the parent and offspring who have pejantan production susu high, (d) of the body such as the wedge, (e) the luminous eyes, back straight, head of both, the distance front foot or back foot is quite big and strong legs, (f) large udder, pertautan good enough in the body, when be touched soft, smooth skin, vena susu many, long and sinuous, susu stalk not more than 4, is located in a rectangular symmetrical and not too short, (g) the body healthy and not as a disease, and (h) give birth each year.
Elections Pejantan Seeds
Pejantan that both must meet the following criteria: (a) 4-5 years of age, (b) have higher fertility, (c) the nature of power down to the high production of children, (d) derived from the parent and a good pejantan , (e) the large body in accordance with age, strong, and have attributes of good pejantan, (f) the width of the head, neck big, wide shoulders, strong back, (g) face a little longer, a little sharp and shoulder width, ( h) Average thigh and quite separately, (i) chest width and the distance between the bones rusuknya quite wide, (j) the length of the body, in the chest, chest circumference and the circumference of the belly, and (k) healthy, free from disease and not down defects in offspring.
Bios: Asep Gunawan, SPT was born on 4 July 1980. Before become a lecturer in the Section Pemuliaan Livestock and Genetics, Faculty of Animal Husbandry IPB, he served on the Company Supervisor PT Peternakan Ayam. Boga Sampurna animals. Currently he studies are continuing in the program Master of Science (S2) at the Agricultural Science and Resource Management Tropics and Subtropics, University of Bonn, Germany
Posted by farmer at 01:00 0 comments
Labels: Elections BIBIT dairy cow
LIVESTOCK BUDIDAYA dairy cow (Bos sp.)
1. BRIEF HISTORY
Cattle livestock is important as a source of meat, milk, labor and other needs. Cow produces about 50% (45-55%) of meat in the world needs, the needs of 95% and 85% susu skin needs. Comes from the cow family Bovidae. as well as the Bison, bison, water buffalo (Bubalus), African buffalo (Syncherus), and Anoa.
Domestikasi cattle start made about 400 years BC. Cow is estimated to come from Central Asia, then spread to Europe, Africa and throughout Asia. Towards the end of the 19th century, Ongole cattle from India to the island of Sumba is inserted, and since that time the island was used as a breeding cow Ongole pure.
In the year 1957 have been made the genetic improvement of the quality of the road with Madura cattle with cattle menyilangkannya Red Deen. Another contradiction between local cattle (hybrid Ongole) with Frisian Holstein dairy cow in Grati dairy cow in order to obtain a new type of in accordance with the climate and conditions in Indonesia.
2. SENTRA FISHERY
Cattle breeding centers in the world in European countries (Scotland, UK, Denmark, France, Switzerland, the Netherlands), Italy, the United States, Australia, Africa and Asia (India and Pakistan). Holstein Friesian cows, for example, the production of high susunya (+ 6350 kg / year), with the percentage of fat susu approximately 3-7%. However, dairy cow, cattle are able to be in the up to 25,000 kg of milk / year, when the winning seeds are used, are given feed that complies with the needs of livestock, the environment that supports the cultivation and application of good management. Susu production at this time in the world reached 385 million m2/ton/th, especially in a zone that is being. Susu beef production in the PSPB still less than 10 liters / day, and far from the normal standard 12 liter / day (the average is only 5-8 liters / day).
3. TYPE
In general, the nations cow (Bos) is there in the world there are two, namely (1) groups that come from Zebu cattle (Bos indicus) or the type of cattle that berpunuk, which originated and spread in the tropics and (2) group of Bos primigenius, the spread in the sub-tropical or better known as the Bos Taurus.
Type of dairy cow and the winner is most often kept cattle Shorhorn (from England), Holstein Friesian (Dutch), Yersey (strait from the Channel between England and France), Brown Swiss (from Switzerland), Danish Red (from Denmark) and Droughtmaster (from Australia). Survey results in the PSPB Cibinong shows that the type of dairy cow the most suitable and profitable for dibudidayakan in Indonesia is Frisien Holstein.
4. BENEFITS
Livestock cattle produce meat as a source of protein, milk, leather used for industrial and manure as a source of organic agriculture.
5. LOCATION REQUIREMENTS
The ideal location to build a shed is a region that is located quite far from the settlement, but easily accessible by vehicle. Enclosure must be separate from the homes with a minimum distance of 10 meters and the sun should be able to penetrate the enclosure and close to agricultural land. Pembuatannya can be done in groups or in the middle of rice fields.
6. TECHNICAL GUIDELINES BUDIDAYA
6.1. Preparation Facility and Equipment
Enclosure can be made in the form of single or double, depending on the number of cattle owned. In the single-cage type, placement of cattle is done on one line or one row, while the enclosure bertipe ganda placement is done on two series of each other or each other for behind. Between the two series are made to line the road.
Enclosure for the purpose of making my (kereman) usually form when the singular capacity of the livestock kept only a few. However, when cattle production activities is for the commercial, the size of the enclosure should be more knowledgeable and more so that it can accommodate the large number of cattle more. Floor pens should be arranged in order to keep clean to prevent the occurrence of various diseases. Floors made of dense soil or cement, and easy to clean dirt from the cow. Dialasi ground floor with dry straw litter as a warm enclosure.
Throughout the enclosure and equipment that must never be used disuci hamakan first with disinfectant, such as creolin, lysol, and other materials. The size of the enclosure that is made for a mature bull is 1.5 or 2.5 m x2 m x2, while for adult female cattle is 1.8 m and x2 for the calf is 1.5 m x1 tail, with a high-top + 2-2, 5 m from the ground. Temperature in the enclosure around 25-40 degrees C (average 33 degrees C) and humidity 75%. Location of maintenance can be performed on the low (100-500 m) to high (> 500 m).
6.2. Seedling
The requirements that must be fulfilled by the seeds of adult dairy cow is a female:
susu high production,
aged 3,5-4,5 years and have been childless,
derived from the parent and offspring who have pejantan susu high production,
form of the body such as the wedge,
luminous eyes, back straight, head of both, the distance front foot or back foot is quite big and strong legs,
udder is quite large, pertautan good enough in the body, be touched when the soft, smooth skin, vena susu many, long and sinuous, susu stalk not more than 4, is located in a rectangular symmetrical and not too short,
body healthy and not as a disease, and
give birth each year.
While both the parent candidates, among others:
derived from the parent that resulted in a high water susu,
head and neck a little long, sharp shoulder, the body long enough, and pinggul flat back, chest and pinggul in width,
the distance between the two rear legs and two front legs wide enough,
udder growth and good stalk,
number of stalk not more than 4 and located symmetrical, and
healthy and not disabled.
Pejantan that both must meet the following criteria:
age around 4-5 years,
have high fertility,
power down the nature of the production of high-children,
derived from the parent and pejantan good,
big body in accordance with age, strong, and have attributes of good pejantan,
head width, large neck, wide shoulders, strong back,
slightly long face, shoulder width and slightly sharp,
Average thigh and quite separate,
chest width and the distance between the bones rusuknya quite wide,
body length, in the chest, chest circumference and the circumference of the belly, and
healthy, free from disease and disability do not reduce the offspring.
Procedure:
Elections Candidates IndukUntuk seeds and pursue the high productivity of livestock, the environmental improvements required and increase the genetic quality of livestock is concerned. The new seed must come quarantined for disease transmission. Then the seeds were given drinking water mixed with salt, placed in a clean cage and be pondered, and noted appearance.
Seed treatment and Candidate IndukSeluruh virgin dairy cow that has not showed signs birahi or not pregnant after a certain period, should be. If a cow that has been produced be susu, are again based on cattle production susunya, trends infected udder inflammation and temperamennya.
PemuliabiakanSeringkali dairy cow system is integrated with the virgin pejantan Pedaging to reduce the risk of trouble after the new birth and the child is integrated with one dairy cow pejantan options. Seeds should be given the opportunity to move on at least 2 hours each day.
6.3. Maintenance
Action PreventifPada sanitation and maintenance of intensive cattle-breeder cows dikandangkan so easy mengawasinya, while maintaining an extensive monitoring difficult because of cattle-cattle that are kept free life. Dairy cow is kept in the shade (room) has a conception of production is higher (19%) and production susunya 11% more than without shade. Seeds of illness and immediately treated as the seeds that bear dikering kandangkan for 1-2 months.
Treatment TernakTernak dimandikan 2 days once. All cattle dimandikan mother every day after the pen and cleaned before milking susu. Pens should be cleaned every day, the dirt placed on the cage so that special care can be processed into fertilizer. After the cage cleaned, should be given lantainya mattress pad as the floor general of straw or remnant feed hijauan (mattress once a week should be demolished). Performed since the cattle weighing pedet until adult age. Cattle pedet be pondered once a week while the adult cow be pondered every month or 3 months. The new cow disapih be pondered once. Adult cow can be pondered by making measurements based on the estimated width and chest circumference, body length and high brow.
Giving PakanPemberian feed the cattle can be done with 3 ways, namely:
penggembalaan system (pasture fattening)
kereman (dry lot fattening)
how a combination of first and kedua.Pakan given form hijauan and concentrate. Hijauan the form of rice straw, sugarcane leaf shoots, Lamtoro, alfalfa, elephant grass, grass or grass Bengal king. Hijauan given the day after milking as much as 30-50 kg / head / day. Form of feed for cattle pasture dewasaumumnya given as 10% of body weight (BB) and additional feed as many as 1-2% of the BB. Cattle that are breastfeeding (lactation) requires additional food by 25% and concentrate hijauan in ransumnya. Hijauan the form of fresh grass should be added to the types of nuts (legum). Carbohydrate source such as bran or fine bekatul, pulp, and GAPLEK, oilcake and coconut and minerals (as a brace) in the form of salt, lime, etc.. Concentrate feed should be provided in the morning and afternoon before cattle diperah of 1-2 kg / head / day. Besides food, the cows must be given water to drink as much as 10% of body weight per hari.Pemeliharaan main feeding is adequate and quality, and maintain cleanliness and health of livestock pens that are kept. Kereman feeding in combination with penggembalaan At the beginning of the dry season, cattle digembalakan every day. In the rainy season, cattle feed and dikandangkan given according to the quota. Penggembalaan also aims to provide an opportunity to move the cattle to strengthen his leg.
Maintenance KandangKotoran ditimbun in other places so that the fermentation process (+1-2 days) and changes to manure that has been cooked and good. Cowshed should not be a closed meeting (open slightly) so that the air circulation inside running smoothly. Clean drinking water must be available at any time. Feed and drinking places should be made outside the cage but still under the roof. Feed made the place a bit higher so that the feed is not given diinjak board or mixed with dirt. Meanwhile, the water should be made permanent, cement tanks and a little higher than the surface of the floor. Provide the equipment to wash the cows.
7. Pests and diseases
7.1. Diseases
Diseases antraks
Causes: Bacillus anthracis is spread through direct contact, food / beverages or inhalation.
Symptoms:
high fever, body weakness and trembling;
respiratory disturbances;
gland swelling in the chest, neck, genitals and the body full boil;
sometimes blood red black out through the nose, ears, mouth, anus and vagina;
cattle dung liquid and often mixed with blood;
spleen swollen and blackish color.
Control: vaccination, antibiotic treatment, isolate the infected cattle and bury / burn the dead cows.
Nails and mouth disease (PMK) or disease Apthae epizootica (AE)
The cause: a virus is spread through direct contact with urine, water, milk, saliva and other substances that bacteria tercemar AE.
Symptoms:
mouth cavity, tongue, and foot and a blister or tracak rounded protrusion there is a clear liquid containing;
fever or fever, body temperature decreased dramatically;
decreased appetite does not even want to eat at all;
excessive saliva out.
Control: vaccination and exiled the sick cow and treated separately.
Diseases ngorok / mendekur or disease Septichaema epizootica (SE)
Causes: bacteria Pasturella multocida. Penularannya through food and beverages tercemar bacteria.
Symptoms:
skin and mucous membrane of the tongue swell, red and kebiruan;
neck, anus, vulva and swell;
inflame the lungs, intestine and mucous stomach acid and crimson;
fever and difficult breathing so that similar people ngorok. In very severe cases, cattle will die in the time between 12-36 hours.
Control: SE and anti-vaccination be given antibiotics or sulfa.
Disease or inflammation kuku kuku decay (foot rot)
This disease attacks the cow is kept in a cage and wet dirty.
Symptoms:
germinal nail swelling around the slit and remove the white turbid liquid;
nails peel skin;
grow benjolan that cause pain;
lame cows, and can eventually paralysis.
7.2. Prevention of attacks
Prevention efforts and treated with cut nails done and soak in the pain refanol solution for 30 minutes repeated once a week and put the cattle in the pens clean and dry.
8. PANEN
8.1. Main results
Results of the cultivation of dairy cow milk is produced by a female parent.
8.2. Additional Results
In addition to dairy cow milk also provides the results of other meat and leather come from cows that are not productive and the manure produced from cattle dung.
9. PASCAPANEN: ...
10. ECONOMIC ANALYSIS BUDIDAYA
10.1. Cultivating Business Analysis
Dairy cow cattle business in Indonesia is still a subsistence by small breeder and have not reached a business-oriented economic development. The low level of productivity of cattle is due to a lack of capital, and knowledge / skills of farmers that include aspects reproduction, feeding, management pascapanen results, the application of the recording system, milking, sanitation and disease prevention. Besides the knowledge of farmers about the commercial aspects of governance should be improved so that the benefits obtained with comparable maintenance. Susu beef production in the world has now exceeded 385 million m2/ton/th to the level of sales and beef products is greater than pedet, pejantan, and cattle afkiran. In the United States, the level of sales and purchase of cattle and their products in cash for 13% of all livestock in the world. While the level of sales calf (pedet), pejantan dairy cow, and cow afkir only around 3%. Susu production is still some need to be increased in line with the increasing number of people in this world. To achieve a high level of production and management of the feed must be truly appropriate to the needs of cattle, which feed the minimum that can be used by livestock (be merged) arranged around 3,5-4% of the dry
10.2. Peluang Lýsing Agribusiness
Animal husbandry dairy cow family benefit if the number of cows which kept a minimum of 6 tails, although levels of efficiency can be achieved with a minimum of 2 tails pengusahaannya with average milk production of 15 lt / day. Efforts to increase farmers' income through dairy cow pembudidayaan can also be done through business diversification. In addition to cooperative efforts and integrated (horizontal and vertical) with farmers and other institutions that berkompeten, and still stabilizing pattern pear above.
11. REFERENCES
Anonymous. []. Guidelines Beternak dairy cow. Purwokerto, Central of Livestock and Livestock Food Hijauan. P. 2. (brochure).
Anonymous. 1983. Instructions how to use livestock medicines. Samarinda, East Kalimantan Livestock Department. P. 12.
Anonymous. 1988. Condition of livestock and the quality of dairy cow milk on the island of Java. PPSKI Bulletin, 5 (27) 1988: 39-40.
Anonymous. 1988. Milking, one factor determines the amount of water susu. Swadaya Livestock Australia, (42) 1988: 23-24.
Anonymous. 1988. Efforts to increase the welfare of breeder melaluipeningkatan efficiency of production. PPSKI Bulletin, 5 (27) 1988: 16-24.
Bandini, Yusni. 1997. Bali cattle. Cet 1. Jakarta, Swadaya spreader. P. 73.
Church, D.C. 1991. Livestock feeds and feeding. 3 ed. New Jersey, Prentice-Hall, Inc.: 278-279.
Djaja, Willian. 1988. Clean and healthy living in the farm dairy cow. PPSKI Bulletin, 5 (27) 1988: 25-26.
Djarijah, Abbas Sirega. 1996. Beef cattle business. Yogyakarta, Kanisius. P. 43.
Fox, Michael W. 1984. Farm animals: husbandry, behavior, and veterinary practice. Maryland Baltimore, University Park Press: 82-112; 150.
Ginting, Eliezer. 1988. Guidance and counseling dairy cow business people in East Java. PPSKI Bulletin, 5 (27) 1988: 27-33.
Hehanussa, P.E. 1995. Master plan Life Science Center-Cibinong. Limnotek, 3 (1) 1995: 1-34.
Hermanto. 1988. How does the handling dairy cow in the dry? Swadaya Livestock Australia, (42) 1988: 24-25.
Nienaber, J.A., et al. 1974. Affects Livestock production environment and health. Proceedings of the International Livestock Environment Conference. St. Joseph, American Society of Agricultural Engineers.
Pane, Ismed. 1986. Pemuliabiakan beef cattle. Jakarta, PT. Media: 1-38, 133.
Sabrani, M. 1994. Technology development Sumba Ongole cattle. Jakarta, National Research and Development of Agriculture: 15-26.
Suryanto, Bambang; Santosa, Siswanto Imam; Mukson. 1988. Business Husbandry Sciences. Semarang, Faculty of Animal Husbandry UNDIP. P. 63.
Warudjo, Bambang 1988. Quality and price susu. PPSKI Bulletin, 5 (27) 1988: 34-38.
12. CONTACT RELATIONS
Project Rural Community Economic Development - No Coconut Jl.Sunda BAPPENAS. 7 Jakarta, Tel. 021 390 9829, Fax. 021 390 9829
Office Minister of State Research and Technology, Deputy Pendayagunaan and Pemasyarakatan Iptek, BPPT II Building 6 Floor, Jl. M. H. Thamrin No. 8, Jakarta 10340, Indonesia, Tel. +62 21 316 9166 ~ 69, Fax. +62 21 310 1952, Website: http://www.ristek.go.id
Source: Project Rural Community Economic Development, Bappenas
Female seed selection
There are three important issues that must be considered in the maintenance of the dairy cow farming related to one another among the (culture), and of feed. And maintenance of a good feed akan meghasilkan production with the support of good also. Seeds of good beef is very important to note when doing akan cultivation of dairy cow. Elections seeds dairy cow include the selection of virgin seed will result in the production and selection of seeds susu pejantan.
Elections Seeds Dara
The requirements that must be fulfilled by the seeds of adult dairy cow is a female: (a) high production susu, (b) aged 3,5-4,5 years and have been childless, (c) derived from the parent and offspring who have pejantan production susu high, (d) of the body such as the wedge, (e) the luminous eyes, back straight, head of both, the distance front foot or back foot is quite big and strong legs, (f) large udder, pertautan good enough in the body, when be touched soft, smooth skin, vena susu many, long and sinuous, susu stalk not more than 4, is located in a rectangular symmetrical and not too short, (g) the body healthy and not as a disease, and (h) give birth each year.
Elections Pejantan Seeds
Pejantan that both must meet the following criteria: (a) 4-5 years of age, (b) have higher fertility, (c) the nature of power down to the high production of children, (d) derived from the parent and a good pejantan , (e) the large body in accordance with age, strong, and have attributes of good pejantan, (f) the width of the head, neck big, wide shoulders, strong back, (g) face a little longer, a little sharp and shoulder width, ( h) Average thigh and quite separately, (i) chest width and the distance between the bones rusuknya quite wide, (j) the length of the body, in the chest, chest circumference and the circumference of the belly, and (k) healthy, free from disease and not down defects in offspring.
Bios: Asep Gunawan, SPT was born on 4 July 1980. Before become a lecturer in the Section Pemuliaan Livestock and Genetics, Faculty of Animal Husbandry IPB, he served on the Company Supervisor PT Peternakan Ayam. Boga Sampurna animals. Currently he studies are continuing in the program Master of Science (S2) at the Agricultural Science and Resource Management Tropics and Subtropics, University of Bonn, Germany
Posted by farmer at 01:00 0 comments
Labels: Elections BIBIT dairy cow
LIVESTOCK BUDIDAYA dairy cow (Bos sp.)
1. BRIEF HISTORY
Cattle livestock is important as a source of meat, milk, labor and other needs. Cow produces about 50% (45-55%) of meat in the world needs, the needs of 95% and 85% susu skin needs. Comes from the cow family Bovidae. as well as the Bison, bison, water buffalo (Bubalus), African buffalo (Syncherus), and Anoa.
Domestikasi cattle start made about 400 years BC. Cow is estimated to come from Central Asia, then spread to Europe, Africa and throughout Asia. Towards the end of the 19th century, Ongole cattle from India to the island of Sumba is inserted, and since that time the island was used as a breeding cow Ongole pure.
In the year 1957 have been made the genetic improvement of the quality of the road with Madura cattle with cattle menyilangkannya Red Deen. Another contradiction between local cattle (hybrid Ongole) with Frisian Holstein dairy cow in Grati dairy cow in order to obtain a new type of in accordance with the climate and conditions in Indonesia.
2. SENTRA FISHERY
Cattle breeding centers in the world in European countries (Scotland, UK, Denmark, France, Switzerland, the Netherlands), Italy, the United States, Australia, Africa and Asia (India and Pakistan). Holstein Friesian cows, for example, the production of high susunya (+ 6350 kg / year), with the percentage of fat susu approximately 3-7%. However, dairy cow, cattle are able to be in the up to 25,000 kg of milk / year, when the winning seeds are used, are given feed that complies with the needs of livestock, the environment that supports the cultivation and application of good management. Susu production at this time in the world reached 385 million m2/ton/th, especially in a zone that is being. Susu beef production in the PSPB still less than 10 liters / day, and far from the normal standard 12 liter / day (the average is only 5-8 liters / day).
3. TYPE
In general, the nations cow (Bos) is there in the world there are two, namely (1) groups that come from Zebu cattle (Bos indicus) or the type of cattle that berpunuk, which originated and spread in the tropics and (2) group of Bos primigenius, the spread in the sub-tropical or better known as the Bos Taurus.
Type of dairy cow and the winner is most often kept cattle Shorhorn (from England), Holstein Friesian (Dutch), Yersey (strait from the Channel between England and France), Brown Swiss (from Switzerland), Danish Red (from Denmark) and Droughtmaster (from Australia). Survey results in the PSPB Cibinong shows that the type of dairy cow the most suitable and profitable for dibudidayakan in Indonesia is Frisien Holstein.
4. BENEFITS
Livestock cattle produce meat as a source of protein, milk, leather used for industrial and manure as a source of organic agriculture.
5. LOCATION REQUIREMENTS
The ideal location to build a shed is a region that is located quite far from the settlement, but easily accessible by vehicle. Enclosure must be separate from the homes with a minimum distance of 10 meters and the sun should be able to penetrate the enclosure and close to agricultural land. Pembuatannya can be done in groups or in the middle of rice fields.
6. TECHNICAL GUIDELINES BUDIDAYA
6.1. Preparation Facility and Equipment
Enclosure can be made in the form of single or double, depending on the number of cattle owned. In the single-cage type, placement of cattle is done on one line or one row, while the enclosure bertipe ganda placement is done on two series of each other or each other for behind. Between the two series are made to line the road.
Enclosure for the purpose of making my (kereman) usually form when the singular capacity of the livestock kept only a few. However, when cattle production activities is for the commercial, the size of the enclosure should be more knowledgeable and more so that it can accommodate the large number of cattle more. Floor pens should be arranged in order to keep clean to prevent the occurrence of various diseases. Floors made of dense soil or cement, and easy to clean dirt from the cow. Dialasi ground floor with dry straw litter as a warm enclosure.
Throughout the enclosure and equipment that must never be used disuci hamakan first with disinfectant, such as creolin, lysol, and other materials. The size of the enclosure that is made for a mature bull is 1.5 or 2.5 m x2 m x2, while for adult female cattle is 1.8 m and x2 for the calf is 1.5 m x1 tail, with a high-top + 2-2, 5 m from the ground. Temperature in the enclosure around 25-40 degrees C (average 33 degrees C) and humidity 75%. Location of maintenance can be performed on the low (100-500 m) to high (> 500 m).
6.2. Seedling
The requirements that must be fulfilled by the seeds of adult dairy cow is a female:
susu high production,
aged 3,5-4,5 years and have been childless,
derived from the parent and offspring who have pejantan susu high production,
form of the body such as the wedge,
luminous eyes, back straight, head of both, the distance front foot or back foot is quite big and strong legs,
udder is quite large, pertautan good enough in the body, be touched when the soft, smooth skin, vena susu many, long and sinuous, susu stalk not more than 4, is located in a rectangular symmetrical and not too short,
body healthy and not as a disease, and
give birth each year.
While both the parent candidates, among others:
derived from the parent that resulted in a high water susu,
head and neck a little long, sharp shoulder, the body long enough, and pinggul flat back, chest and pinggul in width,
the distance between the two rear legs and two front legs wide enough,
udder growth and good stalk,
number of stalk not more than 4 and located symmetrical, and
healthy and not disabled.
Pejantan that both must meet the following criteria:
age around 4-5 years,
have high fertility,
power down the nature of the production of high-children,
derived from the parent and pejantan good,
big body in accordance with age, strong, and have attributes of good pejantan,
head width, large neck, wide shoulders, strong back,
slightly long face, shoulder width and slightly sharp,
Average thigh and quite separate,
chest width and the distance between the bones rusuknya quite wide,
body length, in the chest, chest circumference and the circumference of the belly, and
healthy, free from disease and disability do not reduce the offspring.
Procedure:
Elections Candidates IndukUntuk seeds and pursue the high productivity of livestock, the environmental improvements required and increase the genetic quality of livestock is concerned. The new seed must come quarantined for disease transmission. Then the seeds were given drinking water mixed with salt, placed in a clean cage and be pondered, and noted appearance.
Seed treatment and Candidate IndukSeluruh virgin dairy cow that has not showed signs birahi or not pregnant after a certain period, should be. If a cow that has been produced be susu, are again based on cattle production susunya, trends infected udder inflammation and temperamennya.
PemuliabiakanSeringkali dairy cow system is integrated with the virgin pejantan Pedaging to reduce the risk of trouble after the new birth and the child is integrated with one dairy cow pejantan options. Seeds should be given the opportunity to move on at least 2 hours each day.
6.3. Maintenance
Action PreventifPada sanitation and maintenance of intensive cattle-breeder cows dikandangkan so easy mengawasinya, while maintaining an extensive monitoring difficult because of cattle-cattle that are kept free life. Dairy cow is kept in the shade (room) has a conception of production is higher (19%) and production susunya 11% more than without shade. Seeds of illness and immediately treated as the seeds that bear dikering kandangkan for 1-2 months.
Treatment TernakTernak dimandikan 2 days once. All cattle dimandikan mother every day after the pen and cleaned before milking susu. Pens should be cleaned every day, the dirt placed on the cage so that special care can be processed into fertilizer. After the cage cleaned, should be given lantainya mattress pad as the floor general of straw or remnant feed hijauan (mattress once a week should be demolished). Performed since the cattle weighing pedet until adult age. Cattle pedet be pondered once a week while the adult cow be pondered every month or 3 months. The new cow disapih be pondered once. Adult cow can be pondered by making measurements based on the estimated width and chest circumference, body length and high brow.
Giving PakanPemberian feed the cattle can be done with 3 ways, namely:
penggembalaan system (pasture fattening)
kereman (dry lot fattening)
how a combination of first and kedua.Pakan given form hijauan and concentrate. Hijauan the form of rice straw, sugarcane leaf shoots, Lamtoro, alfalfa, elephant grass, grass or grass Bengal king. Hijauan given the day after milking as much as 30-50 kg / head / day. Form of feed for cattle pasture dewasaumumnya given as 10% of body weight (BB) and additional feed as many as 1-2% of the BB. Cattle that are breastfeeding (lactation) requires additional food by 25% and concentrate hijauan in ransumnya. Hijauan the form of fresh grass should be added to the types of nuts (legum). Carbohydrate source such as bran or fine bekatul, pulp, and GAPLEK, oilcake and coconut and minerals (as a brace) in the form of salt, lime, etc.. Concentrate feed should be provided in the morning and afternoon before cattle diperah of 1-2 kg / head / day. Besides food, the cows must be given water to drink as much as 10% of body weight per hari.Pemeliharaan main feeding is adequate and quality, and maintain cleanliness and health of livestock pens that are kept. Kereman feeding in combination with penggembalaan At the beginning of the dry season, cattle digembalakan every day. In the rainy season, cattle feed and dikandangkan given according to the quota. Penggembalaan also aims to provide an opportunity to move the cattle to strengthen his leg.
Maintenance KandangKotoran ditimbun in other places so that the fermentation process (+1-2 days) and changes to manure that has been cooked and good. Cowshed should not be a closed meeting (open slightly) so that the air circulation inside running smoothly. Clean drinking water must be available at any time. Feed and drinking places should be made outside the cage but still under the roof. Feed made the place a bit higher so that the feed is not given diinjak board or mixed with dirt. Meanwhile, the water should be made permanent, cement tanks and a little higher than the surface of the floor. Provide the equipment to wash the cows.
7. Pests and diseases
7.1. Diseases
Diseases antraks
Causes: Bacillus anthracis is spread through direct contact, food / beverages or inhalation.
Symptoms:
high fever, body weakness and trembling;
respiratory disturbances;
gland swelling in the chest, neck, genitals and the body full boil;
sometimes blood red black out through the nose, ears, mouth, anus and vagina;
cattle dung liquid and often mixed with blood;
spleen swollen and blackish color.
Control: vaccination, antibiotic treatment, isolate the infected cattle and bury / burn the dead cows.
Nails and mouth disease (PMK) or disease Apthae epizootica (AE)
The cause: a virus is spread through direct contact with urine, water, milk, saliva and other substances that bacteria tercemar AE.
Symptoms:
mouth cavity, tongue, and foot and a blister or tracak rounded protrusion there is a clear liquid containing;
fever or fever, body temperature decreased dramatically;
decreased appetite does not even want to eat at all;
excessive saliva out.
Control: vaccination and exiled the sick cow and treated separately.
Diseases ngorok / mendekur or disease Septichaema epizootica (SE)
Causes: bacteria Pasturella multocida. Penularannya through food and beverages tercemar bacteria.
Symptoms:
skin and mucous membrane of the tongue swell, red and kebiruan;
neck, anus, vulva and swell;
inflame the lungs, intestine and mucous stomach acid and crimson;
fever and difficult breathing so that similar people ngorok. In very severe cases, cattle will die in the time between 12-36 hours.
Control: SE and anti-vaccination be given antibiotics or sulfa.
Disease or inflammation kuku kuku decay (foot rot)
This disease attacks the cow is kept in a cage and wet dirty.
Symptoms:
germinal nail swelling around the slit and remove the white turbid liquid;
nails peel skin;
grow benjolan that cause pain;
lame cows, and can eventually paralysis.
7.2. Prevention of attacks
Prevention efforts and treated with cut nails done and soak in the pain refanol solution for 30 minutes repeated once a week and put the cattle in the pens clean and dry.
8. PANEN
8.1. Main results
Results of the cultivation of dairy cow milk is produced by a female parent.
8.2. Additional Results
In addition to dairy cow milk also provides the results of other meat and leather come from cows that are not productive and the manure produced from cattle dung.
9. PASCAPANEN: ...
10. ECONOMIC ANALYSIS BUDIDAYA
10.1. Cultivating Business Analysis
Dairy cow cattle business in Indonesia is still a subsistence by small breeder and have not reached a business-oriented economic development. The low level of productivity of cattle is due to a lack of capital, and knowledge / skills of farmers that include aspects reproduction, feeding, management pascapanen results, the application of the recording system, milking, sanitation and disease prevention. Besides the knowledge of farmers about the commercial aspects of governance should be improved so that the benefits obtained with comparable maintenance. Susu beef production in the world has now exceeded 385 million m2/ton/th to the level of sales and beef products is greater than pedet, pejantan, and cattle afkiran. In the United States, the level of sales and purchase of cattle and their products in cash for 13% of all livestock in the world. While the level of sales calf (pedet), pejantan dairy cow, and cow afkir only around 3%. Susu production is still some need to be increased in line with the increasing number of people in this world. To achieve a high level of production and management of the feed must be truly appropriate to the needs of cattle, which feed the minimum that can be used by livestock (be merged) arranged around 3,5-4% of the dry
10.2. Peluang Lýsing Agribusiness
Animal husbandry dairy cow family benefit if the number of cows which kept a minimum of 6 tails, although levels of efficiency can be achieved with a minimum of 2 tails pengusahaannya with average milk production of 15 lt / day. Efforts to increase farmers' income through dairy cow pembudidayaan can also be done through business diversification. In addition to cooperative efforts and integrated (horizontal and vertical) with farmers and other institutions that berkompeten, and still stabilizing pattern pear above.
11. REFERENCES
Anonymous. []. Guidelines Beternak dairy cow. Purwokerto, Central of Livestock and Livestock Food Hijauan. P. 2. (brochure).
Anonymous. 1983. Instructions how to use livestock medicines. Samarinda, East Kalimantan Livestock Department. P. 12.
Anonymous. 1988. Condition of livestock and the quality of dairy cow milk on the island of Java. PPSKI Bulletin, 5 (27) 1988: 39-40.
Anonymous. 1988. Milking, one factor determines the amount of water susu. Swadaya Livestock Australia, (42) 1988: 23-24.
Anonymous. 1988. Efforts to increase the welfare of breeder melaluipeningkatan efficiency of production. PPSKI Bulletin, 5 (27) 1988: 16-24.
Bandini, Yusni. 1997. Bali cattle. Cet 1. Jakarta, Swadaya spreader. P. 73.
Church, D.C. 1991. Livestock feeds and feeding. 3 ed. New Jersey, Prentice-Hall, Inc.: 278-279.
Djaja, Willian. 1988. Clean and healthy living in the farm dairy cow. PPSKI Bulletin, 5 (27) 1988: 25-26.
Djarijah, Abbas Sirega. 1996. Beef cattle business. Yogyakarta, Kanisius. P. 43.
Fox, Michael W. 1984. Farm animals: husbandry, behavior, and veterinary practice. Maryland Baltimore, University Park Press: 82-112; 150.
Ginting, Eliezer. 1988. Guidance and counseling dairy cow business people in East Java. PPSKI Bulletin, 5 (27) 1988: 27-33.
Hehanussa, P.E. 1995. Master plan Life Science Center-Cibinong. Limnotek, 3 (1) 1995: 1-34.
Hermanto. 1988. How does the handling dairy cow in the dry? Swadaya Livestock Australia, (42) 1988: 24-25.
Nienaber, J.A., et al. 1974. Affects Livestock production environment and health. Proceedings of the International Livestock Environment Conference. St. Joseph, American Society of Agricultural Engineers.
Pane, Ismed. 1986. Pemuliabiakan beef cattle. Jakarta, PT. Media: 1-38, 133.
Sabrani, M. 1994. Technology development Sumba Ongole cattle. Jakarta, National Research and Development of Agriculture: 15-26.
Suryanto, Bambang; Santosa, Siswanto Imam; Mukson. 1988. Business Husbandry Sciences. Semarang, Faculty of Animal Husbandry UNDIP. P. 63.
Warudjo, Bambang 1988. Quality and price susu. PPSKI Bulletin, 5 (27) 1988: 34-38.
12. CONTACT RELATIONS
Project Rural Community Economic Development - No Coconut Jl.Sunda BAPPENAS. 7 Jakarta, Tel. 021 390 9829, Fax. 021 390 9829
Office Minister of State Research and Technology, Deputy Pendayagunaan and Pemasyarakatan Iptek, BPPT II Building 6 Floor, Jl. M. H. Thamrin No. 8, Jakarta 10340, Indonesia, Tel. +62 21 316 9166 ~ 69, Fax. +62 21 310 1952, Website: http://www.ristek.go.id
Source: Project Rural Community Economic Development, Bappenas
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